Costa Rican Dress

Costa Rican clothes are similar to most Central and South American countries. There clothes were developed by the Climate of Costa Rica. Costa Rica Clothing today is separated into two groups traditional cultural clothes and modern clothing. Costa Rican traditional dress is used for traditional practices. Most of the cultural dress has layers. This is because of the climate of Costa Rica. You never know when it is going to rain because of its varied climate. Traditional dress is only worn on special occasion such as when they dance. Both women and men have different style of traditional clothing. Usually the clothes are the colors of the Costa Rican flag which are red, blue , and white. Mens dress is very simple but elegant. Mens traditional costume usually have a few different things. The pants are a solid color which usually is blue or tan. They usually wear a white button down shirt. Then around the waist they wear a red cummerbund which is like a sash. Around the neck of the man they would wear a kerchief tied around it. Then on their head they would wear a â€Å"chonete† which is a traditional type of Costa Rican hat. A Chonete is like a straw cowboy hat. Usually men in Costa Rica will not really wear shorts on a day to day basis but only to the beach despite the tropical weather of Costa Rica. Today in the fields Men still wear the traditional dress. Women's traditional dress has a few important characteristics. The dresses are usually tailored in a special style. All traditional dresses have thick ruffles that start at the shoulders and go out all the way down the dress. The dresses have no sleeves to cover the arms. They are usually the colors red,blue,and yellow. Another type of Costa Rica dress has a long ruffled skirt. This is usually made in shinny colored fabric. A white shirt is usually worn and a red cummerbund connects the dress at the waist. To top off all these wonderful dresses a flower is usually placed in the ear of the women.

Current Media: Nurses Portrayed as Non-Critical Thinkers Essay

Introduction In this paper, the misguided image created by media tells the public: nurses follow doctors orders and are incapable of making their own judgments will be explored. The impact of this image on the nurse as an individual and on the nursing profession will be shown and ways to improve the image of nursing will be discussed. Evidence Present media, portrays the nursing field as an aid to physicians in the hospitals giving little credit to what nurses do in their profession. The media has pushed aside nurses and have made a high image for doctors and physicians. Television shows generally depict doctors as the key clinicians, putting nurses in the background doing the unimportant tasks (Mee, 2010). Therefore nurses are seen having a minimal role in the health care system. The idea that nurses simply follow doctors orders is a strong stereotypical theme that has many people deceived. Nurses are not thought to be independent, making critical decisions for the patient. Instead, nurses are thought to only care for the patient while the doctor is gone. According to the American society of registered nurses, â€Å" The public perceive a nurse as just someone who assists the doctor during and after treatment of the illness assisting the patient in keeping up is personal hygiene, giving the medications as prescribed by the doctor, dressing the wounds when there is a need ensuring welfare of the patient† (American Society of Registered Nurses, 2007. para 1). This is a harmful image that creates a low expectation of what nurses are capable of. Therefore, nurses are endanger of not being taken seriously by patient families when their advise is given for a patient. People may want to speak to the doctor about patients health instead, even though the nurse is the one who sees the patient daily for long periods of time. The idea that a nurses role is easy, and simplistic is also shown in media as the nurses job is not well represented. According to the Ontario Nurses Association, â€Å"Physicians are shown spending half their time conduction key care tasks that nurses actually perform while nurses, as their peripheral subordinates, stare at them with adoration and admiration†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ontario Nurses Association, 2008. p.1). The general public is not well educated on the nurses role and do not realize the work nor effort nurses put into their career through education and dedicated work. The negative notions about nursing through television and other types of media need to be seriously exposed as they harm and form lies about nurses. Currently, â€Å"these images reinforce the farce that nurses are not critical thinkers and are dependent on physicians for every direction; that nursing is not a profession unto itself but that nurses are medical aids† (Ontario Nurses Association, 2008, p.1). Discussion The idea that nurses are not critical thinkers nor independent is damaging to the face of the nursing career. This train of thought causes people to underestimate the capabilities of nurses across Canada. The idea that we only follow doctors orders causes people to overlook what we do, labeling our work as unimportant. This attitude causes less funding into the nursing profession which leads to nursing shortages, creating over worked nurses and clinical error.As well as creating more part time jobs instead of full time, leaving many nurses no choice but to work more then one job. When a negative image is very dominant in Canadian culture, nurses in the working profession start to believe the lies about themselves, making nurses quiet and not speaking out against the image. The lack of credit nurses get for what they do can lead to them thinking their job is insignificant. Also, media is a main way that the younger canadian generations are being educated. By them learning wrong messages about nursing can create them to not wanting to pursue nursing as a career. This leads to less passionate nurses coming into the field who are unprepared for what they are signed up for. As a future nurse, the publics view of me is important. I want them to see me as a professional leader in the health care system. The idea that nurses are not critical thinkers and are depending on doctors for advise and orders counter acts the real job description is of me as a nurse. The negative assumptions about nursing can effect the way patients perceive me before having our first encounter. A patients doubts of my abilities a a nurse can make our interactions difficult at first if they look down on me. A patient support group is key to the patients recovery. Having family members doubting the capabilities of nurses can stop the patient and family from asking me questions regarding the overall health of the patient. When people expect me to just listen to the physician, not realizing that I make critical choices everyday, makes the patients take me for granted thinking that I am only a nurse. These thoughts will make my job more difficult as I will have to break through the wall of negative assumptions to allow patients , family and physicians see how independent, capable and professional I am as a nurse. To break down these negative images of nursing as a profession, nurses across Canada can use the media to their advantage by educating and showing people the full spectrum of nursing, allowing the public to understand that nurses make up a large portion of the health care system and are vital to each patients health and wellness. By educating the younger generations of Canada, nurses will be able to inspire and help people get passionate about nursing. This passion will bring more people into the workforce who are ready, excited and prepared for a rewarding career and will be able to shift the negative attitude towards the profession (Ontario Nurses Association, 2008). Each nurse in Canada should work hard and act professional to do their part in promoting a positive image that will reflect all canadian nurses as a whole. Having proactive nursing conferences across canada would help raise awareness of negative nursing images so that all nurses can be united and working towards the common goal of creating a more professional image of nursing in the eyes of the public. Currently, many nurses are being proactive by being integrated into the policy development on the healthcare and government level ( Ontario Nurses Association, 2008). The image of nursing must be changed, but all nurses need to come together as a team doing their part and taking pride in their identity as nurses. As a nurse, I will rise higher then the image of not being a critical thinker and only following doctors orders by always seeking more education so that I can be prepared for situations that I come across. I will stay current with health issues and events that occur around me both on a local and global level. I will always strive to be a leader in the health care system by taking pride when fulfilling my role as professional nurse. When patients or people in the community ask me about my career, I will make sure that I am always prepared by knowing in my heart the reason for my career choice, the importance of my profession and the impact it makes in the health care system, allowing the public to get the right perspective of me as a nurse. Also I will always think critically of any situation I am faced with, allowing the patient to receive the best and most professional care. Currently, I am going to do my part as a nursing student to strive for excellence while I have the opportunity of learning so much about my future career choice which will allow me to be confident in the skills I will acquire and have the joy in knowing that what I do will have an impact on many peoples lives. Conclusion In conclusion, the negative image of nurses being dependent on doctors and not thinking for themselves hurts nurses across Canada. To stop this negative image from taking over the nursing profession, nurses must unite together and strive to be positive leaders, creating a strong and professional image for nursing. References American Society of Registered Nurses. ( 2007, December 1). The Real Public Perception of Nurses. American Society of Registered Nurses: Journal of Nursing. Retrieved from http://www.asrn.org/journal-nursing/249-the-real-public-perception-of-nurses.html Bard, R. (2012, January). Embracing Social Media. Canadian Nurse: Canadian Nurses Association. Retrieved from http://www.canadian-nurse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=587%3Aembracing-social-media&catid=23%3Aceo-outlook&Itemid=31&lang=en Canadian Nurses Association. (2011, March). Nurses In The Media: And The Winner Is. Canadian Nurse: Canadian Nurses Association. Retrieved from http://www.canadian-nurse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=401%3Anurses-in-the-media-and-the- winners-are&catid=4%3Aperspectives&Itemid=39&lang=en Krischke, M. (2007). Beyond TV Stereotypes: Students Can Shape Nursing’s Image. NurseZone. Retrieved from http://nursezone.com/recent-graduates/recent-graduates-featured-articles/Beyond-TV-Stereotypes-Students-Can-Shape-Nursing%E2%80%99s-Image_20072.aspx Mee, C. ( 2010, January 6) . Nursings Image In The Media: Just in Jest. Evolve Learning System. Retrieved from https://evolve.elsevier.com/cs/Satellite/Article/Nursings+Image+in+the+Media +Just+In+Jestcid=700000000611524&Audience=Faculty Ontario Nurses Association. ( 2008, September). Position Paper: The Image of Nurses. Ontario Nurses Association. Retrieved from http://www.ona.org/documents/File/pdf/PositionPaperImageofNurses.pdf

Political Systems in U.K and U.S Essay

What are the similarities and differences between the political systems in U. K and U. S? When the U. S. Constitution was being drafted, its writers had the British Parliamentary system to base on. The British system was the system they were used to and had learnt since childhood. However, because the monarchy was one of the main things that the former colonists had rebelled against, any form of monarchy and most forms of concentrated power were avoided. The most fundamental difference between the political system in the U. K and the U. S is the constitution. The United States has a written constitution which is very difficult to change. The UK does not have a single document called the constitution but instead its constitutional provisions are scattered over various Acts of Parliament, any of which can be changed by a simple majority in the Parliament. Similarities Both the U. S. and British political systems have a head of state, a court system and an upper and lower house. The U. S political system has a constitution which lays out the rules for government and the rights of the people, however, the U. K has documents with constitutional provisions which lay out the same rules. Both systems are democratic in nature, as governments are put in place and removed from power by the will of the people and both have systems of checks and balances to limit the power of any one branch. Head of State In the U. S. political system, the president is the official head of state. The president is elected under the electoral college system. In the U. K. , although the prime minister usually has the spotlight on political matters and is the official head of government, the queen or king is the official head of state. The queen officially signs off on acts of parliament and, just as the U. S. president delivers the State of the Union Address every year, the queen reads the â€Å"Speech from the Throne,† which is written by the prime minister. In U. K, the monarch is more of a ceremonial figurehead and it is unusual for any member of the royal family to directly interfere with the political process. The Upper House The United States has a Senate as the upper house of the legislative branch and the U. K. has the House of Lords. Under the U. S. ystem, each state, regardless of size, has two senators. Originally, senators were appointed by the governor of the state they represented but they are now elected to serve six-year terms. The House of Lords is very different. Members of the House of Lords are not elected. The 792 members of the House of Lords are members by inheritance, appointment or their rank in the Church of England; they are not elected and cannot be removed byvote. This part of t he political system in the U. K is not democratic. Otherwise the House of Lords serve the same purpose as the U. S. Senate. They discuss, debate and vote on legislation passed by the lower house of the legislative branch. The Lower House The U. S. House of Representatives and the British House of Commons have a great deal in common. Each house is made up of representatives elected by the people. In both systems control of the lower house goes to the party that has the most seats. Under the U. K. system, the leader of the party with the most seats becomes the Prime Minister and the official head of the government. Under the U. S. system this person would be the Speaker of the House. One other key difference is elections. Under the parliamentary system, the prime minister can go to the crown at any point and ask to dissolve Parliament. If this is done an election is called. An election can also be called if the prime minister loses â€Å"the confidence of the house. † This means that the prime minister lost a vote in Parliament on a matter of confidence. Matters of confidence are usually over budgetary matters. If the prime minister loses a vote of confidence, the end result is an election Other political differences. The American general electionlasts almost two years, starting with the declaration of candidates for the primaries. The British general election lasts around four weeks. In the United States, no Cabinet member is allowed to be a member of the Congress because of the strict theory of the separation of the powers. In Britain, every Government Minister must be a member of one of the two Houses of Parliament and, if he or she is not already in the Parliament, he or she is made a peer. The constitutional system in the UK involves a lot of custom and practice, and much more flexibility than the US system. For example, the timing of US presidential elections is fixed. In the UK, it is essentially the Prime Minister’s choice as to when elections are to be held, up to the 5 year limit. The resignation of a president in the US would have to lead either to an election or to his vice president taking up the office. In the UK, the resignation of a prime minister will lead to the party choosing a new leader, but there is no technically requiring this, the Queen is technically free to choose whoever she wishes.

McDonald going to Russia Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

McDonald going to Russia - Coursework Example The company does this by itself and in consideration of the communities around which they operate. One major factor that has made the company going is that, they have been a focused on doing the right thing just from the beginning. This has made their values define who they are, what they do and how they operate (McDonald, 2010). If McDonald would like to take its restaurant services to Russia, there are various considerations that the company management should take into consideration before doing the launch. The considerations are on the marketing issue of the company. After carrying out an adequate environmental analysis of the companys external environment, it would be wise for the company to include an analysis of how the possibility of launching its products and services in Russia. To be able to do this, the company can consider the analysis around communication, consumption, country culture, and consumer behavior. These are issues in marketing that re usually categorized under 12Cs of marketing. However; for this kind of assignment, just the five Cs are found more appropriate and will highly count when trying to launch McDonalds products in Russia. This report will majorly dwell on the discussion of the consideration of McDonalds entry into Russia and the extent to which part of the 12 Cs mention above will influence its entry into this market. The first C that McDonald would mind thinking about before deciding to enter into Russia will be on Communication. Communication in this sense will mean a lot as communication usually means a lot in any form of business. McDonald, to begin with, will have the task of knowing the major language that is being spoken u the Russians. This would be important as it is a language that facilitates communication. The essence of this is that, it is usually necessary that the company staff communicates with the customers on various issues of concern so that most of the business can be solved. The

Autism Spectrum Disorder & The adverse Impact on Normal Development Research Paper

Autism Spectrum Disorder & The adverse Impact on Normal Development During Early Childhood - Research Paper Example Even though researchers have become aware of factors such as genetic abnormality, metabolic disorders, and viral agents which promote autism, the actual cause of autism remains unknown. Autism, regarded as a major developmental disorder that has adverse impact on the development of a child, is now seen as an issue that has certain specific biological, mental or social impacts. Studies reveal that parents and doctors find it essential to provide their children nutritional supplements because of disorder in gastrointestinal system. Many parents have the misconception that ASD is a primary brain disorder and a psychiatric condition. Even though Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is generally regarded as a developmental disorder, it has some biological, mental and social impacts that cause adverse effects in the developmental process of a child. Unlike previous conceptions, autism is now viewed as a biological disorder due to organic than psychosomatic factors. Uncharacteristic biology and chemistry in human brain interrupt smooth functioning of human brain and its organs. Genetic factors or biological reasons are significant in the formation of autism among the children. It is a brain based developmental problem that promotes difficulty in communication, cognition and social interaction. The problem is that parents seek various treatments and practice various medicines without proper awareness. This causes various health problems such as nutritional insufficiencies, allergy problems, intestinal overgrowth and immunity crisis because of the use of various drugs and medicines. Stephanie Marohn argues that many suffer from â€Å"weakened immunity or autoimmune problems† (Marohn, 2002). Studies have identified the fact that Autism mainly affects many parts of the brain. Defective functioning of brain and its organs caus es poor immune system. Medicinal reactions and allergies cause for frequent flu and it creates various problems to ear, eyes and nose among children

Electric cars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electric cars - Essay Example The concept of electric cars is non-conventional in Ontario as those which are working on the fuel efficiency theorem in the region are dragging up with the hybrid school of thought. The Ontario manufacturer is onto the challenge of producing electric cars, which will be new to the market and require a comprehensive strategy to get accepted in the market. The need here is to bring a strong workable marketing plan in order to make the thought of the manufacturer successful in the market (Chan & Chau, 2001). This paper is focusing on the commercialization plan of the electric cars to be produced by a regional Ontario manufacturer, which is presently producing 75 cars per month and looking onto producing 200 cars per month in 2014. The plan will be asserting the strategies to make the idea successful in the market. The primary aim is to make the plan attentive to the market- a plan that can most attract the market consumers and developers. Commercialization Plan The first stage of the c ommercialization plan of electric cars is to bring a conductive demonstration of the idea of electric cars (Barnes & Brumfitt, 2001). The demonstration is to state potencies of the technology, the design and the concept to be introduced by the manufacturer in the Ontario market. After the plan is well asserted, the next stage is of execution which will endorse the plan into real means and in real outcomes (generation of market feedback). Here is how the demonstration of the plan engages the market of Ontario: Technology (Describing the Product) Electric cars are concept cars based on electro-mechanical function. The technology is derived from hybrid cars which are aimed to fuel efficiency and intake the combination of multiple fuels (gasoline or diesel) during operation (Jolly, 1997). The Canadian company is up on launching fully electric car in Ontario- a design that is a passenger car with space of 4 passengers at a time. Similarly, the design is ranging a speed range of 200 kilom etres with high economical fuel consumption capability (Rafinejad, 2007). The design is basically a zero fuel emission design as there are fuel cells placed instead of internal combustion engine to become a green fuel supply for the car. Apart from all, the three major components of the car, the fuel cells power supply unit, fly wheel power storage unit and electric motor propulsion unit further adds to the efficiency and value of the car. Such valuable components are to balance out the electro-mechanical load on the car especially at the time when the car is at the higher torque rate (Battery University, 2013). Key Success Factors The manufacturer is aiming for an electric car that is vibrant to address city driving needs. Ontario which is a busy state and where drivers are usually on moderate speeds, this electric car is going to touch the basic state driver’s requirements (Survant, 2013). The electric car will maximize to a speed capacity of two hundred kilometres as the f uel cells placed in the car are highly power driven. This makes the car a complete electric drive, meeting the basic purpose of driving in highly efficient ways. Customer attraction for car has remained important for the manufacturer and for which it is going to come up with multiple attracted color ranges. The car will appear in market with blue, red, white, sterling metallic and black exterior

AEGON Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

AEGON - Research Paper Example Apart from the qualitative methods of data collection named above, other quantities methods of data collection such as experiments and conducting surveys got used. Among the findings was that the organization has sought to improve personal and community development in different aspects as well as growing and developing worldwide. Some organizations, including learning and non-learning institutions, profitable and nonprofitable firm, have sought the need to expand globally in their fields of service provision. Other groups have realized the importance of developing in their service provision as well as introducing new ventures that can drive them in the realization of their set goals and objectives. Some have employed business experts to carry out researches on various available business opportunities around the world that they can venture in, with the primary goal of profit realization. In the process of exploring the different available business opportunities, some firms have sought to generate incomes and later use them for community development, personal development as well as the improving the general welfare of the society. To realize these, some organizations and other institutions have employed some strategies such as blueprint strategy, online marketing, product differentiation and improving product qualities among others (Vermaat, 1997, 11). In this research paper, I am going to look at the AEGON organization, as a global firm that is seeking to realize its goals of global expansion and international business. I am going to see the growth of the organization, its international business, as well as the marketing strategies used by the institution in meeting the needs in various international markets. This organization is one of the top global organizations in the financial industry, offering financial services such as the provision of life assurance, pensions to the retired employees and management of various

Classroom Climate and Learning Environments Research Paper

Classroom Climate and Learning Environments - Research Paper Example The definition of learning has also created a fine line of depicting the importance of improved instruction among the people of the generations before towards the people of the generations at present. This improvement is probed by the need of each human generation to know something new apart from what has already been learnt by the past generation of learners. This is the reason why there came to be the birth of modern research procedures application. It is through this particular approach of investigative learning that the different environments of learning have been given birth. Before, knowledge was based on general understanding, however, through research procedures, the path towards a larger scope of learning has been given way. It could not be denied that the imposed position on the process of developing knowledge through investigative research has been proven effective through the years. The proposition to which the said development has been based on has practically created a new sense of understanding the importance of learning in connection with social development and other matters that are designed to provide the human society with the progress that they so long to have. In this paper, a discussion on how the emergence of research affected human learning and how it has given way to the proper sense of understanding the deepest sense of education shall be introduced. It shall also be identified herein how research proceedings has practically provided a basis of understanding for the students and the instructors as well in connection with the importance of the effectiveness of instruction procedure that is used in classrooms within common learning institutions. Why the Need for Research Improvement; this is the practical reason why research has been given way and was rather supported by the learning institutions worldwide. No matter what field of education the instructional fields are engaged with, it could not be denied that the continuous application of research in the process creates a better understanding and implication as to how the said subjects involved are given proper chances of further improving towards a more strengthened source of knowledge for the new generation of learners who are hungry of being fed with clarified presentations of education with regards the different issues that they are most likely interested in. When it comes to researching though, there are different ways as to how one could actually find the most definite and instantaneous ways to which the researcher himself would be much comfortable in handling a particular issue in concern. In terms of pedagogy, the researchers in this field have constantly introduced the different indications of teacher and student relationship and reaction that identify the process of knowing how the process of passing knowledge from one to another directly affects the personality of one. The basic indication that a particular research on education is successful is the process by which it is likely considered practical for application. How is this indication tested Through practical trial and error period application. Every research has a

Contemporary issue in marketing - Airline industry on service quality Essay

Contemporary issue in marketing - Airline industry on service quality and relationship marketing - Essay Example Airline industry is a key economic strength of any country because airline industry has big impact on other industries such as manufacturing, finance and tourism. Presently, the worldwide airline industry comprises more than 23,000 aircrafts, offers service to more than 3700 airfields all over the world. In the year 2006, it had been calculated that approximately 28 million flights transported more than 2 billion passengers worldwide. For the last 20 years, the air travel had increased considerably by 5%. In the US, the aircraft industry contributes 8% of GDP (MIT, n.d.). According to IATA (International Air Transport Association) the forecasted global air journey increased almost 5% annually from the year 2000–2010. The most dynamic growth of aviation industry had been seen in Asia/Pacific region compared to Europe and North America. In Asia/Pacific region the aviation industry is increasing by almost 9% annually. In the 1990s, the aviation industry had suffered heavily due t o economic recession and Gulf war. The member airline of IATA had experienced losses of almost 20.4 billion USD from the year 1990 to 1994. Subsequently, Aviation industry had realised the importance of service and customer relation and thus certain airlines had invested a lot to improve the quality of service offered to customer. Many new attractive strategies had been introduced to draw and retain customers (Standford University, 1999). Importance of Service Quality in Airline Industry In aviation industry the competition is strong and it is growing rapidly. The airline companies had realised the need for providing more attention towards customer in order to face the competition because customers are the primary element of every business. Good customer satisfaction can bring profitability to an airline company and it can be achieved by good service. An efficient service quality is characterised by good customer segmentation, tailored service, measuring the feedback of customer and measurement of company performance (Bozorgi, 2007). Customer satisfaction is the feeling or attitude towards a service. If a customer is satisfied about the service, in future the customer will engage in purchasing the service again. Thus, customer satisfaction and service quality is interrelated with each other. The reason for dissatisfaction in aviation industry can be caused by late departure of flight, reservation of ticket, poor catering service and bad attitude of air crew members towards customers (Bozorgi, 2007). In the year 1987 and 1988, the bad customer service had been recorded in the US aviation industry regarding flight problem, reservation problem, and refund of money, customer service, smoking activities, tourism issues and others. These factors have led to dissatisfaction of customers, and for that reason the customer complaints had grew over 500% in the year 1987 (Bozorgi, 2007). Perceptions of customers and service quality are useful in forecasting the effectiven ess of a company. Many companies intend to employ customer service based

Perfection of Pablo Picasso's Art Work Research Paper

Perfection of Pablo Picasso's Art Work - Research Paper Example The paper "Perfection of Pablo Picasso's Art Work" will discuss Picasso's early life and explores his work. The study will also review the ideas of various authors to support and elaborate the subject of study. Pablo inherited the outside appearance of his mother Dona Maria Picasso Y Lopez. With Pablo and his father, there were two painters in their family. He was born out of luck since the midwife had given up on him. The midwife tried saving the life of the mother instead. Pablo was saved from suffocation by his uncle Don Salvadors, a qualified doctor. He blew a few puff of smoke on his face and this gave life to Pablo. Picasso enjoyed narrating this legend. His biography also highlights this historical point as it shows Picasso’s initial encounter with death and the victory over it. People began admiring Pablo’s vitality at the age of nine years. This was particularly his aspect of art, which was part and parcel of him at birth. Pablo spent ten years of his early lif e at Malaga, the place of his birth. His father was not a wealthy man. The father worked as a keeper at the town museum. Pablo’s father also worked as an art teacher at Escuela de San Telmo. The father accepted a well paid job, which he got. Pablo’s father and his family moved to the capital of La Coruna in the province of Atlantic coast. Pablo and his father resided in this capital for the next four years. Pablo’s father encouraged the son’s talents later in Pablo’s life. The father was concerned with his progress in academies early in life.

Cost estimating Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cost estimating - Research Paper Example The purpose orientation of each type of the estimate with reference to the advantages each type provides to the various parties of a construction project has also been discussed. Introduction The process of predicting the total costs of materials, labor, capital and professional fees required to construct a proposed project is called as cost estimating. The estimate is based on an approximation of the probable cost of the materials, labor and other services required for the construction of a project and it can never be said to be hundred percent accurate and varies with the fluctuating prices of the construction materials and services. The accuracy of cost estimation is of vital importance of the success of a project for the owner as well as the contractor. Estimates are important for developing the feasibility of the projects and the owner’s decision to carry out the project depends upon the preliminary estimates. Accurately estimating the construction costs lies at the heart of a construction company’s success. There may be two scenarios; too low estimate can win bids to the construction company but results I ultimate loss of money to the construction company. On the other hand if the estimates are too high, the chances of getting the work are very less. A good estimate is the one which also incorporates the costs which are not apparent but are likely to occur during the course of completion of the project. Such predictive expertise is the distinguishing characteristics of a good estimator. The main objective of cost estimating is cost control which is very important in construction industry because inappropriate cost control results in the over-budgeting of the project which can ultimately result in the bankruptcy of the construction company. Over the years the methodology adopted for cost estimating has changed and new techniques have evolved. The evolution of the current methodologies and techniques employed in cost estimating is discussed in the following paragraphs. History and Evolution of Cost Estimating The history of construction dates back to the early days of civilization and as other construction techniques and methodologies have evolved over the years cost estimating has also developed with the advent of new technologies and computation devices. The history of cost estimating and cost control dates back to the ancient Greek times and the Greek architects were also concerned about cost control in building their structures and sculptures (Jenkins, 2006). The construction industry has undergone rapid changes over the last 200 years with the technological development. The construction in the medieval ages was not very cost effective and very primitive methods of cost estimation were used with no proper planning resulting in project costs beyond the initial estimates. In the estimates made during those days the indirect costs were never taken into account with only the apparent costs of material and labor calculate d on simple cost per unit quantity basis. The estimates were usually made by the construction contractors and the client never relied on any type of estimates while there was no concept of the role of consultants in construction projects. With the industrial progress the importance of cost estimating increased as the investors were more concerned about the return they were getting on the invested capital. With the industrial revolution the importance of economical use of resources increased resulting in the birth of cost

Litigation and Alternatives Essay Example for Free

Litigation and Alternatives Essay America has come a long way since the American colonies settled from where humanity was to where humanity is now. We did not have the law system that we have now and issues were unresolved that turned into chaos. From law courts, chancery courts, to merchant courts, there are several categories of courts. Those that we separate are Federal and State Courts. Federal Courts take over foreign and interstate commerce that entail of U. S. District Courts, U. S. Court of Appeals, and U. S. Supreme Courts. State courts take over state legislatures that include State Supreme Courts, Appellate Courts, Trial Courts, and Lower Courts. Living in society today, we will have different views and different perceptions. We will either at one time come to face litigation or some type of ADR matter. With this being said, litigation, and alternatives will fall into place at least one point in ones life. This is part of what both parties, as mentioned in the video will face. A company called â€Å"Quick Takes† tried out a program to help build their business to grow. Incidentally, the program Non Linear Pro did not quite work out for Quick Takes. Thankfully Quick Takes had been under the impression that Non Linear Pro was a trial. Under any circumstances had Quick Takes been under the assumption that Non Pro Linear had been a permanent program that had been purchased. Soon to discover a bill of 5,000. 00 was sent to Quick Takes. Quick Takes immediately contacted Non Linear Pro and advised that the bill had been invalid. Both parties had a verbal agreement of trying out the product as a trial. Although there may had been a verbal agreement, Quick Takes unknowingly signed a contract thought to be a delivery slip signed by Janet Mason. Non Linear Pro stated that the lease had been signed and if Quick Takes did not cooperate, then Non Linear Pro would create a lawsuit. So to name some of the legal issues that the two parties could face are arbitration, meditation, litigation, cross complaint, and mini-trials. Arbitration is an arbitrator that helps settle disputes between the two parties by researching the information provided by both parties. The arbitrator is a member of the American Arbitration Association who makes the ultimate decision of the outcome between the two parties by helping the two come to an agreement. The two parties will use arbitration when there is no need for a further relationship. Mediation is primarily used when there may be a future relationship between the two parties. The two parties come to an agreement and make the ultimate decision. A neutral party helps both parties come to an agreement; however, it does not make the ultimate decision. Mediation is primarily used when they can or may continue to maintain a relationship. Litigation also known as a judicial dispute resolution takes place in courts. The courts ultimately will make the decision of the outcome between the parties. Mini-Trials are a compromise between mediation and arbitration. Lawyers represent both parties and a neutral party is involved to help settle by advising of strengths and weaknesses. If the two parties do not come to an agreement in a timely matter then the neutral party will make the decision. Cross-complaint occurs when the defendant sues the plaintiff due to other damages caused by the plaintiff. The legal issues presented in the video are dealing with litigation. The plaintiff served the defendant and the defendant needs to respond or a default judgment will be entered. In this case, arbitration wil be the best method. I do not see a future in either party’s relationship. Most individuals will choose arbitration and mediation over litigation because it is cheaper, no lawyers are involved, and there is a lack of publicity. Reach out to as many sources to prevent any type of legal action. Having many options, the ultimate decision will impact heavily on the outcome.

Development of Electronic Media in the Mauritius

Development of Electronic Media in the Mauritius CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.0 Chapter Overview This opening chapter introduces the study by examining the background and historical perspective of the development of the Electronic media use worldwide and in Mauritius. The emergence of the phenomenon of electronic media addiction is introduced, and then brought into focus as it is beginning to affect electronic media users around the world, including Mauritius. Next, the aims and objectives of study and the research questions are identified. The chapter concludes with the research questions and the scope of the study. 1.1 Background of the study According to Huesmann (2007) electronic media has become a common fashion today, especially among college students. One of the most remarkable changes in our society in the 20th century and 21st centuries has been the saturation of our culture and day-to-day lives by the electronic media. In this new generation radio, television, movies, videos games, video, cell phones, and computer networks have took on principal roles in our children’s daily lives. Electronic media improve the general knowledge by giving us with information all around the world. News transmit through different electronic media make it easier for us know about the day-to-day events in the world. News, tele ­films and documentaries revolving around social issues improve a social perception in teenagers and increase their concern towards societal environment. Electronic media also contribute to the enhancement of our language, knowledge and vocabulary. It is now a general truth that T.V and other means of electronic media is a strong source of not only giving information but also teach and satisfy the masses. Jennifer (2008) and Azeez et al. (2014) have found that research has proven that television has had either positive or negative impacts. Electronic media can be described as those communication which is based on technology or electromechanical means of production and most often differentiated from print media Berkowitz and Rawlings (1963), Azeez et al (2014). The main electronic sources used by public normally comprise television, radio, sound recordings, video recordings and internet. It can be found that there are four basic functions of electronic media which generally include to inform, satisfy, teach and most important to influence public opinion (students). They also stated that the 20th century is heavily influenced by communication technology. Motion pictures arrived on scene in the first decade of this century. The radio broadcast began in 1920s while TV entered in the world in 1940s, followed by cable television in 1950s, and satellite television in 1970s. Lastly the personal computer gave access to internet in 1980s. It transformed the interconnected computer networks through World Wide Web by 1990s. Many benefits are connected with electronic media use, such access to needed information, international access to news and events, and interpersonal communication through email. But, along with the phenomenal expansion of the electronic media, there has been increasing concern internationally about the dangers related with electronic media over-use and becoming addicted to it (Buchholz, 2009; Daily News, 2008, 2009; Fackler, 2008; Janta, 2008; Khaosod, 2007; The Associated Press, 2009; Wanajak, 2011). A possible risk of using these new forms of media technology is also beginning to appear. Majority students are becoming too addicted to it and is having an impact on their academic performance, cyberbullying, sexting, becoming aggressive, becoming victims of aggression, insufficient sleep and poor sleep quality among students, and health problem such as affecting overall diet quality. Specially, increasing numbers of adolescents are becoming victims of aggression committed by peers wit h this new technology as cited in David-Ferdon and Hertz (2007). Examples comprise adolescents creating Web sites or sending e-mail or text messages that are meant to humiliate or harass a peer and/or to threaten physical harm called cyberbullying. Cyberbullying can be defined as bullying that occurs using electronic technology which contains devices and items such as mobile phones, computers, and tablets as well as communication instruments containing social media sites, text messages, chat, and websites. Examples of cyberbullying contain emails or mean text messages, rumors sent by email or posted on social networking sites, and humiliating pictures, clips, internet sites, or imposter accounts. Moreover, according Mr Ismael Bawamea an â€Å"enqueteur du bureau† at the Ombudsperson for Children Office in Mauritius, these offenders usually use SMS, e-mail, chat rooms and Facebook and social networking sites to spread their message. â€Å"Parents think they are observing thei r children effectively online, but according to an ICSF study, which is carried out in Mauritius, it has been found that less than 10% of parents monitored the websites,† says Mr Ismael Bawamea. â€Å"Without the necessary measure to ensure child protection online, children in Mauritius face massive dangers†, he indicated (Defi News, 2011). Researcher has collected over the past half century that exposure to violence on television, movies, and, most recently, in video games grows the risk of deviant behavior. According to the researchers, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP); a latest study demonstrates that the average 8-10 year old child spends approximately eight hours a day using different forms of electronic technologies, and older children and teens spend more than 11 hours per day. Children and teenagers who have a Television in their bedroom spend more time with electronic media. Corresponding, the current amount of users for mobile phones, text messaging, e-mai l, and chat rooms by our teenagers have opened new venues for social interaction in which aggression can happen and adolescents can be victimized (Huesmann, 2007). Hence, Mauritian students are also facing many of the phenomenal problems due to electronic media. With the coming technology, everyone have a laptop and a Smartphone and with the everyday life, both parents work nowadays and adolescent do not have enough time to speak with their parents. After school, the teenagers go to their rooms, and start surfing, watching television for long hours or even listening to music through their mobiles, on their laptops, on radio. Moreover, they even eat in their rooms and keep sitting in front of their screen. The weird thing is that, they will prefer to talk to a stranger through social media rather than going out and talk with their friends. According to recent ICT indicators for Mauritius, a speedily increasing number of families and teenagers are using the Internet; the number of Internet subscribers at the end of 2010 was 284,200 and the number of mobile cellular subscribers was 1,190,900 in 2010 (Defi News, 2011). Henceforward, as stated in Al exa’s Statistics, Facebook can be seen as the number one site visited by Mauritian citizens as shown in the table below. Indeed, there were 159,480 Mauritians on Facebook as at 13th January 2010 as reported by the advertisement programme available on the network. Social Networking Site OR Social Networking Service (SNS) Ranking Facebook 1st YouTube 5th Tagged 24th Twitter 39th Badoo 42nd Hi5 51st Photobucket 54th Flickr 64th LinkedIn 68th MySpace 85th Table 1: Alexa’s Ranking of SNS visited by Mauritians in top 100 sites1 1.2 Problem statements A conversion in telecommunications has greatly changed communication by providing new media in order to have access to long distance communication in the last years. The first transatlantic two-way radio broadcast took place in 1906 and led the way to usual transmission via analogue and digital media. The new communication media now permit for long distance exchanges between higher numbers of populations. Electronic media is appreciating a wide use every day with a rise in technology devices being created. Technology has become a time wasting act that distracts youth from communicating personally with mates and family through face to face communication. Electronic media now comes in the forms laptops, tablets, desktops, mobile phones (containing new applications such as WhatsApp, Viber, Facebook Messenger, WeChat and many more), mp3/mp4 players, video games, movies, radios, and television. Electronic has displayed to record highs within the last era, thus altering the dynamic of comm unication. Electronic media, as it is known in different globe, has altered with time. Teenagers and technology appear to have a good relationship for each other. Both are young, proceeding rapidly, and ever altering. During the last 20 years there has been a sudden increase in new technology (David-Ferdon and Hertz, 2011). In the older generations teens readily accepted new technologies for example TVs, record and cassette players, computers, and VCRs, but the new generations have observed a virtual rapid increase in new technology, including mobile phones, iPads, iPods, Mp3/mp4 players, and personal digital assistants. This new technology has been eagerly accepted by adolescents and has caused to an expanded vocabulary, which contain instant messaging (â€Å"IMing†), blogging, and text messaging. Modern technology has many social and educational benefits. In an article (Anon 2010) was stated that with the emergence of internet as the global media, education has progressed to a large extent. Nowadays it is found that distance education programs are carried out through online media which has proved to be quite an advantage to people who seldom have the chance to have interactive classes. There are many television programs that impart knowledge on different facets of education comprising language, science, mathematics and so forth. Electronic media has facilitated in encouraging students to deal effectively with the present educational system. It has changed their view towards education. With the introduction of electronic media, education has got a new meaning. Problems arise when certain students do not use electronic media in a certain way that will have a positive effect on them, thus they become addicted to it. It is noticed that students give more attention to electronic media than they do to their studies (Ndaku, 2013). Teenagers try to follow new fashions, culture and style which is being presented in different programs and advertisements on television, on radio, through their smartphones, laptops, tablets, internet or posters on social networking sites. Teachers have showed concern about the risks students can be exposed to through these electronic devices. To respond to this concern, some countries and schools have, for example established new strategies about the use of mobile phones on school grounds and created strategies to block the use of certain websites on school computers. For example, in Florida, South Carolina, Utah, and Oregon are developing new strategies to cope with cyberbullying. Teachers have decided to take action individually by randomly inspecting websites used by teenagers, such as MySpace. This small activity emphasizes on the phenomena of electronic aggression: any type of aggression which carried out through technology, any sort of harassment or bullying (lying, making fun of people, making rude or mean comments, gossips, or making threatening or hostile comments) that happens through email, a chat room, instant messaging, a website, or even text messaging. Teachers, custodians, and other people who work wit h youngsters know that children and adolescents spend most of their time on electronic media such as blogs, instant messaging, chat rooms, email, text messaging rather that studying. What is not known is exactly how and how frequent they use different kinds of electronic? Could the use of electronic technology expand the likelihood that a teen is the victim of an attack? (David-Ferdon 2010). Electronic media is having a negative impact on the academic performance of students, cyberbullying, becoming aggressive, becoming victims of aggression, insufficient sleep and poor sleep quality among students, and health problem such as affecting overall diet quality. For example, too much addicted to violent video games or listening and watching too much of metallic, hard rock and rock music are affecting the brain and pushing the students in violent behavior. Attention is growing about the danger of teenagers to become victims of aggression carried out by peers with electronic media (David-Ferdon et al, 2007). Cyber-bullying is a global phenomenon which can include people from different countries. It can be defined as simple as continuing to leave a text through means of technology to someone who does not want further contact with the sender. Moreover, cyber-bullying happens when adolescents are tortured, bullied, harassed, humiliated, or in a different way which is targeted by a nother adolescent using the Internet, interactive and electronic means or mobile phones (Defi news, 2011). During recent decades, research examined the sleep patterns and habits of adolescents has become growingly more widespread. More precisely, lack of sleep and poor quality have been associated with impairments in declarative, procedural and working memory performance, as well as poor concentration on studies leading into poor academic performance at schools (Cain and Gradisar, 2010). Therefore, to conclude, that is the reason why I am conducting this research study. This research study aims at demonstrating the impact of electronic media on the secondary school students. 1.3 Aims and Objectives of study They are: To analyse the impact of electronic media on students’ social life. To find out how often the students use electronic media. To evaluate the attitude of students towards electronic media and measure the spending time on it. To determine how the use of electronic media has affected the academic performance of students. 1.4 Research Questions What are the impact of electronic media on students’ social life? How often do the students use electronic media? How are the attitude of students towards electronic media and the time spending on it? How has the use of electronic media affected the academic performance of the students? 1.5 Scope of study The essence of this research is to primarily study the impact of electronic media on secondary school students. The research intends to focus on students in Mauritius for easy analysis of data. 1.6 Flow of report Following this introduction are the chapters that address the relevant literature used to develop the theme the impact of electronic media on secondary school students, the research methods used in the work, the results data analysis, discussion, the conclusion and recommendation. Each chapter is briefly introduced below. Literature Review In chapter 2, the literature is reviewed in different areas. First, the impact of electronic media around the world. Research Methods (Methodology) In chapter 3, the methodology and research design are explained. The research sample and date collection methods are described. Results data analysis In chapter 4, the results and data analysis are explained according to the data collected, from the questionnaire survey. Results are compared. Discussion In chapter 5, the discussion will be made from the results obtained. Conclusions and Recommendations Chapter 6, concludes the research work and incorporates the recommendations In the next chapter we shall proceed with a review of the literature.

Meeting Health and Well-being Needs in Day Care Centre

Meeting Health and Well-being Needs in Day Care Centre Day Care Centre This essay will be the design of a day care centre that will meet the needs of 3-5 year olds; cognitive, physical, emotional and social development. This will show examples of how to meet these needs and research to back up the actions. Cognitive development Between these ages lots of cognitive development is going on as they learn from what’s around them, this is where my day care centre can help. In terms of language acquisition children are using sentences made up of more than 4 words, which are intelligible to everyone, not just familiar listeners. They will also ask how and why questions (Bhalla, 2013), and able to answer these questions knowing what type of answer is required of them, despite maybe giving the wrong answer (Hussey-Gardner, 1992). They will be learning the meanings of words, which will help them describe things and tell stories. One issue that will come across is the over generalization of grammar rules, for example a child may use ‘goed’, ‘wented’ ‘fishes’ (Hussey-Gardner, 1992). This supports the language acquisition device (LAD) theory from Chomsky, a child assumed and applied the grammar rules from their universal grammar because they could not have copied or learned these words from adults (Albery, et al., 2008). However the flaw with this theory is that it doesn’t prove a child has a LAD, although it supports that children don’t learn language through imitation alone, they could learn it through other interactions (DAgostino, 2001). In my day care centre I will help prevent over generalisation of grammar rules by repeating the sentence back with the correct grammar in place, reading books with different tenses, ensuring I use the words which are freque ntly misused in the right context. I will also encourage their speech in general by getting them to describe things, and asking them to explain their activities. Vygotsky claimed that children at this age will talk to themselves in order to help complete tasks, this is a very important stage in cognitive development because speaking out loud whilst problem solving will eventually lead to internal thoughts (Albery, et al., 2008). In the day care centre I will help encourage this by giving children tasks by giving them spoken instructions so they can repeat these instructions to themselves whilst completing the task. Using language to assist in problem solving occurred in what Vygotsky called the egocentric speech stage. This stage has a connection to Piaget’s pre-operational stage, where Piaget also believed that children of this age were egocentric and had egocentric speech (Albery, et al., 2008). However Piaget didn’t come to the conclusion Vygotsky did that egocentric speech turned into internal thoughts, Piaget thought egocentric speech just disappeared (Blunden, 1997). Piaget also believed that within this stage children make mistakes due to centration, which is not being able to think of two things at once. He showed this using a balance scale task where children had to take into account distance and number of weights to see which side will go down (Waring, 2006). A criticism for Piaget’s test is that it was not something children understood and are used to and therefore harder for them to relate to the test (Waring, 2006) . I could help children think less centrally by using Vygotsky scaffolding theory (Chaiklin, 2003). They can solve a puzzle on their own taking only one element into account, then with the help of a more knowing adult they can solve a puzzle taking into account two elements, they then should be able to do this themselves. The scaffolding idea from Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development theory is the idea that more knowing adults can guide children through what they can do by themselves, what they can do with help and eventually doing it themselves. The problem with this theory is that it doesn’t take into consideration children’s personal abilities, if they are not particularly good at a skill, no amount of help will get them to succeed by themselves. It also doesn’t consider children’s motivation or desire to complete the task (Chaiklin, 2003) Physical Children at the age of 3-5 years are developing their fine and gross motor skills. They can get more involved in physical play, like climbing, or using tricycles. They can hold things between their thumb and finger rather than their whole fists and manipulate clay (Australian Government Department of Social Services, 2011). To help develop their fine motor skills I can start by giving the children bigger pencils and scissors and gradually give them smaller ones to use. I would also give them shapes to draw, at first getting them to draw along dotted lines, then copying a shape and them getting them to draw it free hand (Bhalla, 2013). Trawick-Smith (2010) noted in his report that motiavtion is an important factor in childrens physical development espeshially in their gross motor skills. He believes that children relate to make believe and role playing games and that they devlop physically when they can reflect on their actions and see what their actions do and look like. So in my day care centre I will have an area for physical sessions with a mirror coverng one side. In these sessions I will relate movements to characters e.g. marching soldiers or woddling penguins. As well as having an outdoor climbing frame which children can play on with each other. The problem with Trawick-Smith’s (2010) ideas are that it is hard to motivate a large group of children in the same way. The idea of physical activity sessions can also be supported by Bandura’s theory of observational learning which came about from his Bobo Doll experiment. The children now have the ability, biologically, to copy the behaviours and to learn new fine or gross motor skills. I need to offer the opportunity to observe the behaviours, for them to retain the behaviour, imitiate the behaviour, and repeat these behaviours. However I must motiave them to repeat the actions and reward the success of repeated action (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, n.d.). The problem with this theory is that there is no garentee that a child will repeat the behaviour straight away it may take a while for the child to feel it is beneficial for them to repeat the action (Taylor, 2014). This is a very behaviourist way of looking at pysical development. The nature vs. nurture debate could be relevant here, as you could argue that the a child will devlop the ability to do these activites through muturation. However behaviourist will take the nuture root that the behvaiour is learnt however the ability to learn it is innate (Keegan, 2002). Lifespan devlopmental theory takes on both approuches, at this age they are in the childhood stage (Keegan, 2002). At this stage they are gaining motor skillls however because myelination is still in its early stages (the devlopment of the sheath around the axon stucture in the Central Nervous System) a child cannot transmit information as fast, the more it develops the more complex brain processes can be allowed (Fraser-Trill, 2010). This may result in differnent physical activites each child is able to do (MacFarlane Nierman, 2001). So in my day care center I will have 3 groups for physical activites seperating the different ability levels. Social Children between the ages of 3-5 will be trying to interact with other children by engaging in pretend play (Bhalla, 2013). They may try and play with toys but sharing may be a difficult task for them at this age due to them being egocentric (Kamptner, 2014). Egocentrism is a theory put forward in Piaget’s pre-operational stage, he used the three mountains test to show that children could not picture someone else’s viewpoint (Albery, et al., 2008). However the problem with Piaget’s theory is that the three mountains test is not relatable to children, they do not understand what is being asked of him. When Hughes and Donaldson carried out the ‘Policeman test’ with children it showed that children could see from another point of view because the task was more relatable as a hide-and-seek type game (Albery, et al., 2008). In my day care centre I will have circle time, each child will have a chance to say something about their day, one child will have a teddy bear, this will indicate it’s their turn to talk, and everyone else in the circle must listen. This will help guide children into understanding others points of view. Egocentrism can also cause difficulties in sharing, taking turns, conflict when playing with each other and can be possessive over toys (Kamptner, 2014). I can try to reduce this in my day care centre by encouraging sharing by having a timer, when the timer ends the toy is given to another child. Also during this age group children are progressing from ‘interactive’ play, which involves parallel play, where children can play with the same toys in the same area but not together, to eventually, ‘cooperatively’ play together, which involves playing together with toys which makes it more organised, for example building something together (Kamptner, 2014). In my day care centre I will use Vygotsky’s scaffolding theory to assist the children in progressing through the two stages. At first I may have group of 2 children and one member of staff to complete a task, for example building a tower. Firstly the children will share the blocks to make one each with the watchful eye of the member of staff, which will encourage parallel play. Next I will get the children to build something different each with the same blocks, maybe a tower and a building which put together after will make a castle, this will show that working together can achieve more. The next stage will be getting the children to build a tower together, the member of staff with them will assign each of them a task to complete. After they will be asked to do the same but the children will organise themselves to cooperative play. The member of staff will be there to diffuse any conflicts that may arise, and to ensure they are sharing properly. Another factor I will have to c onsider is ensuring the children are motivated and rewarded for playing nicely with each other. Emotional At this age children are becoming in tune with their emotions, they are starting to identify their own feelings, they can use words to express themselves which causes less frustration, have fears and are developing a sense of humour, bodily functions in particular are funny to them. It’s important for children to be able to identify emotions as they can still be overwhelmed by them if they don’t understand, however children need to understand their own emotions and others too (Bullick, 2010). Piaget believed that children in the pre-operational stage could not feel empathy because they are too egocentric, however this was contradicted by the policeman test (Albery, et al., 2008). Now that it’s been supported that children can have empathy it’s important to develop it, one way of doing this could be through using a ‘persona doll’. Persona dolls are doll that come in a range of shapes, colour, religion and abilities to help children relate to them. An adult will tell a story about the persona doll, the children then interact by suggesting how it makes them feel and how to make them feel better. For example ‘the doll is scared of the dark’, a child will respond ‘she is scared of the dark like me, I have a night light, we should get her one too’ or ‘someone told the doll she couldn’t play because she was a girl’ a child would respond ‘someone said that to me once, I felt sad. Everyone should be all owed to play.’ This doll encourages them to not only identify their own emotions but also empathise with someone else’s and what they can do to make themselves and others feel better (Brown, et al., 2012). Children who will help themselves or others with their emotions are using their initiative, which is one of the elements in Erikson’s initiative vs guilt psychosocial stage. An initiative child will have a good self-esteem and confident in the activities they are doing. For example they may lead other peers to play a game, or get others to join in on activities or make decisions for example collect their coat when its home time without being told. However low self-esteem or guilt can occur when this initiative is not praised, or criticised, this can lead to inhibition (McLeod, 2013). I can help raise initiative by encouraging role play games as groups. I may have a small group of children and one adult, the adult will nominate one child to make up roles and organise the game which they will all join in on, and the adult must try not to take over or discourage any of the ideas. The next day the adult will nominate a different child, this way all the children have a fair part to play and they are all gaining initiative. Erikson’s theory is based on Freudian view of the conflicting id, ego and superego, however Erikson doesn’t state how successfully resolve these conflicts and the boundaries between each are vague. It also doesn’t show how of if one of the conflict stages can effect another (McLeod, 2013). I could also include Bowlby’s attachment theory here. Bowlby believed that children become attached to their primary care giver, and by this age they will be upset if they leave them (Keegan, 2002). To help with this transition I could let the parents be at the day care center together, to let them get used to it, and then they could bring a teddy from home that they could use a comfort if they start to get upset. In conclusion I will have to bear in mind a lot of aspects in order for the children in my day care centre to have the best development. It has been supported that role play, problem solving and an adult helping hand can go a long way in the development stages. References Albery, I. P., Chandler, C., Field, A., Jones, D., Messer, D., Simon, M., Sterling, C. (2008). Complete Psychology (2nd ed.). (G. Davey, Ed.) London: British Libuary Cataloguing in Publication Data. Australian Government Department of Social Services. (2011, March 10). Physical Development 3-4 year olds. Retrieved Febuary 17, 2014, from Rasing Children: http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/physical_health_from_age_3_to_4_pbs.html Bhalla, S. (2013, April 25). Parenting Tips Sorted by Age Preschoolers. Growth and Development: 3-5 years. Retrieved Febuary 13, 2014, from One Tough Job: https://www.onetoughjob.org/tips/preschoolers/growth-a-development-3-5-years Blunden, A. (1997). Vygotsky and the Dialectical Method. Retrieved Febuary 13, 2014, from Marxists.org: http://www.marxists.org/archive/vygotsky/works/comment/vygotsk1.htm Brown, B., Johnson, M., Louth, J., Shepherd, M., Spencer, M., Wilson, M. (2012). Case Studies. Retrieved Febuary 19, 2014, from Persona Doll Training: www.persona-doll-training.org Bullick, T. (2010). Growing Miracles. The first six years with your child. (2nd ed.). Alberta: Alberta Health Services. Chaiklin, S. (2003). The Zone of Proximal Development in Vygotskys Analysis of Learning and Instruction. In V. S. Ageyev, B. Gindis, A. Kozulin, S. M. Miller, Vygotskys Educational Theory in Cultural Context (pp. 39-61). Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. DAgostino, F. (2001). Noam Chomsky. Retrieved Febuary 13, 2014, from Chomsky.info: www.chomsky.info/bios/2001-02.htm Fraser-Trill, R. (2010, August 26). Definition of Myelination. Retrieved Febuary 26, 2014, from About.com: tweenparenting.about.com/od/physicalemotionalgrowth/a/Difinition-of-Myelination.html Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. (n.d.). Physical Devlopment: Age 2-6. Retrieved Febuary 18, 2014, from CliffNotes: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/psychology/development-psychology/physical-cognitive-development-age-26/physical-development-age-26 Hussey-Gardner, D. B. (1992). Language Development. Retrieved Febuary 13, 2014, from Parenting Me: http://www.parentingme.com/language Kamptner, L. (2014, January 7). Supporting Childrens Devlopment 3-5 year olds Social Development. Retrieved Febuary 18, 2014, from Institute for Child Devlopment and Family Relations: http://icdfr.csusb.edu/documents/phandoutsocialdevelopment-2.pdf Keegan, G. (2002). Developmental Psychology. Kilmarnock: Learning and Teaching Scotland. MacFarlane, M., Nierman, M. (2001). Life Span Development. Retrieved Febuary 26, 2014, from Annenberg Learner: http://www.learner.org/series/discoveringpsychology/development/dev_flash.html McLeod, S. (2013). Erik Erikson. Retrieved Febuary 19, 2014, from Simply Psychology: www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson Taylor, V. (2014, Febuary 18). The Disadvantages of Observational Learning. Retrieved Febuary 18, 2014, from ehow: http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8571259_disadvantages-observational-learning.html Trawick-Smith, J. (2010). From Playpen to Playground—The Importance of Physical Play for the. Eastern Connecticut: Head Start Body Start National Center for Physical Development and Outdoor Play. Retrieved Febuary 17, 2014 Waring, P. (2006). Cognition and Development. Retrieved Febuary 13, 2014, from Psychology 4a: http://www.psychology4a.com/cognitive_development.htm

The Physics of Roller Coasters Essay -- Physics Science Research

The Physics of Roller Coasters The roller coaster has its beginnings in Russia where during the 1600's. People crafted sleds out of wood and built hills made of ice blocks. The hills had sand at the bottom to help slow down the sleds so they would not crash when they reached the bottom of the hill.1 Over time, the roller coaster has become more complex. They now are taller, faster and are designed out of different materials like wood and steel. Although roller coasters are fun and exciting, the questions, what allows them to twist and turn, go up and down hills at a fairly good speed? Why do they not fall off of the track when it goes through a loop? The answer to these questions and others about roller coasters lies in the application of basic physics principals. These principals include potential and kinetic energy, gravity, velocity, projectile motion, centripetal acceleration, friction, and inertia. The basic design of a roller coaster consists of a train like coaster that starts out at the bottom of the tallest hill of the ride. The train is then pulled up the hill and is pulled to the top of the hill. As the train is pulled from the bottom of the hill to the top of it, the trains' potential energy is converted onto kinetic energy. Potential energy is defined as "the energy of an object at a height h above some zero level as equal to the work done by the force of gravity"2 (139). Kinetic energy is the energy of "an object . . . because of its motion"2 (132). As the distance between the ground and the train of cars increases, the potential energy of the train increases as well. This increase in potential energy increases the amount of kinetic energy that can be released in the system therefore causes the system to be ... ... depleted causing the train to come to a stop. So, as you can see, roller coasters are an excellent example of the use of forces energy in a system and how they interact with one another to cause motion and to stop motion of objects. If these forces were not present, then we would have a very difficult time doing anything because there would be no way to start motion and if there was motion it would be very difficult to stop it. Works Cited 1. Annenberg/CPB. â€Å"Roller Coaster History† Amusement Park Physics: What are the forces behind the fun?. Learner.org http://www.learner.org/exhibits/parkphysics/coaster2.html. . April 29, 2003. 2. Kirkpatrick, Larry D. and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics: A World View. ed. 4. Harcourt College Publishers. Fort Worth. 2001. 3. Britannica Online. â€Å"Roller Coaster Physics. http://search.eb.com/coasters/physics/. May 1, 2003. The Physics of Roller Coasters Essay -- Physics Science Research The Physics of Roller Coasters The roller coaster has its beginnings in Russia where during the 1600's. People crafted sleds out of wood and built hills made of ice blocks. The hills had sand at the bottom to help slow down the sleds so they would not crash when they reached the bottom of the hill.1 Over time, the roller coaster has become more complex. They now are taller, faster and are designed out of different materials like wood and steel. Although roller coasters are fun and exciting, the questions, what allows them to twist and turn, go up and down hills at a fairly good speed? Why do they not fall off of the track when it goes through a loop? The answer to these questions and others about roller coasters lies in the application of basic physics principals. These principals include potential and kinetic energy, gravity, velocity, projectile motion, centripetal acceleration, friction, and inertia. The basic design of a roller coaster consists of a train like coaster that starts out at the bottom of the tallest hill of the ride. The train is then pulled up the hill and is pulled to the top of the hill. As the train is pulled from the bottom of the hill to the top of it, the trains' potential energy is converted onto kinetic energy. Potential energy is defined as "the energy of an object at a height h above some zero level as equal to the work done by the force of gravity"2 (139). Kinetic energy is the energy of "an object . . . because of its motion"2 (132). As the distance between the ground and the train of cars increases, the potential energy of the train increases as well. This increase in potential energy increases the amount of kinetic energy that can be released in the system therefore causes the system to be ... ... depleted causing the train to come to a stop. So, as you can see, roller coasters are an excellent example of the use of forces energy in a system and how they interact with one another to cause motion and to stop motion of objects. If these forces were not present, then we would have a very difficult time doing anything because there would be no way to start motion and if there was motion it would be very difficult to stop it. Works Cited 1. Annenberg/CPB. â€Å"Roller Coaster History† Amusement Park Physics: What are the forces behind the fun?. Learner.org http://www.learner.org/exhibits/parkphysics/coaster2.html. . April 29, 2003. 2. Kirkpatrick, Larry D. and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics: A World View. ed. 4. Harcourt College Publishers. Fort Worth. 2001. 3. Britannica Online. â€Å"Roller Coaster Physics. http://search.eb.com/coasters/physics/. May 1, 2003.

Outlaw Euthanasia and Assisted Suicides Essay -- Medical Death Suicide

Outlaw Euthanasia and Assisted Suicides The people of the world today are constantly slammed with problems. There’s overpopulated countries, starving children, incurable diseases, and poverty. There’re drunk drivers on the road, burglars in our homes, and teenagers on the streets. No matter how many positive aspects you can think of for our world, these problems and many more exist. You can try to block them out, or you can strive to make them better. My proposal is to end euthanasia and physician assisted suicides. I believe that this treatment of life is wrong, and can be solved in other ways. Victims of depression, dementia, terminal illnesses, and personal reasons individuals find to die should not be relieved of their condition through injection. The option should not even be available. The world today is attempting to help suicidal people. There are thousands of hospitals and clinics across the world that employ doctors and psychiatrists that specialize in improving the quality of others lives to preven t suicide, and promote emotional stability. Now death is a reasonable and feasible option. The entirety of the problem of euthanasia and physician assisted suicides is not so much that unhappy people are dying, but that no effort or attempt is made to make them better. In every case, the request for assisted suicide stemmed from depression, anguish, desperation, or fear of abandonment. In other words, terminally ill patients sought euthanasia or assisted suicide for the same reasons that healthy people do. In the same case of healthy people, their suffering could be palliated, and their longing for death quelled, by proper use of medicine, lovingkindness, and what some have called the ministry of presence. The answer to anguish and desperation is not to coldly dispatch the anguished and desperate, but rather to enfold them within the bonds of a community that sees in them intrinsic, rather than merely utilitarian value (Assisted 5). Take for example, Janet Adkins. Janet was 54 when Dr. Kevorkian assisted her suicide. At the time of her death, she was in the early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease, and was not terminally ill. Her own doctor said she had ten years of productive life ahead of her. She never met or spoke with Kevorkian until two days before her death (Death 3). Elaine Goldbaum had fin... ...e conclusion to my proposal is simple. Life is a privilege. These days, couples are lucky to produce a child with no complications or disabilities. Successful people such as physicians should not be so willing to end others lives with such compliance. Earning a prosperous living through causing death to others is not an honest living, and these people should be considered all but heroes. One day they may say a life, yet the next, they’re discriminating and ending one because an individual asks nicely and their accounts allow them to do so. Medicine should be focusing on improving lives, rather then giving the option of ending them so easily. The option of assisted suicides and euthanasia should be outlawed which will cause people to seek other ways around their discomforts. Death should not be the answer to unhappiness, and the acts of assisted suicides should be unavailable to everyone. If an individual’s will to die is so strong, nature will take its course and fa te will choose the path. Works Cited Chevlen, Eric. Assisted Suicides. April 27, 2000 . Death with Dignity Act. April 27,2000 .

The Bargaining Power of Supplier of Mcdonalds

Supply Chain Management ADM 4620 Group Project- McDonald's Lecture Name: DR. ERNESTO DIMACULANGAN Student's Name: Li Yi Yang (1006D3UBA002) Zhang Heng (0901D3UBS008) Li Bo (0706D1UBS003) Li Jie (1006D4UBA002) Due Date: 06th, September, 2010 Table of Context Introduction 3 McDonald's Background 4 McDonald's Strategy 5 McDonald's Business Process 6 Customer service management 6 Procurement process 6 Product development and commercialization 7 Manufacturing flow management process 7 Physical distribution 8 Outsourcing/ partnerships 8 Performance measurement 8 Supply Chain 9 McDonald's Supply Chain 9 McDonald's Supply Chain in Indian 12McDonald's Supply Chain Challenges and its Potential impacts 14 Even stronger focus on freshness and quality 14 On-going product innovations 15 Strong customer demand fluctuations based on promotions 16 Order- and inventory management restaurant – DC – supplier – raw material supplier 18 Bull Whip effect 19 Change Management in a de- c entralized structure 20 Methods for Solve Problems 20 Build the quality supervised system 20 Build the detailed R&D process 22 Improve the level of marketing promotion and forecast 23 Build the direct supply system 25 Build the decentralized structure 26 Recommendation 27 Conclusion 28 References 29Introduction In this report, our team chooses to delve into the success of the global company- McDonald's. McDonald's is one of the most well known brands in the world. The objective of this report is to understand how supply chain management applied into real business in McDonald's. We will through the problems mainly analysis supply chain in McDonald's and its significance in real life and also will explain the successful reason of McDonald's how to use supply chain in their business. McDonalds are a multinational firm and their subsidiary company throughout all over the world, so McDonald's should have a perfect supply chain.McDonald's Background McDonald's is one of only a handful of brands that command instant recognition in virtually every country in the world. McDonald's is the world's largest chain of fast food restaurants, serving nearly 47 million customers visiting it per day through more than 31,000 restaurants in 119 countries worldwide. McDonald's sells various fast food items and soft drinks including hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, salads, fries, breakfast items and ice cream desserts. Many McDonald's restaurants have included a playground for children and advertising geared toward to children.Company has expansion of McDonald's into many international markets; the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. It also expanded the McDonald's menu in recent decades to include alternative meal options like salads and snack wraps in order to capitalize on growing consumer interest in health and wellness. Each McDonald's restaurants is operated by a franchisee, an affiliate or the corporation it self. The corporation's revenues come from the rent, royalties and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company- operated restaurants.McDonald's Strategy McDonald's marketing strategy is concerned with the internal resources, external environment and its basic competencies along with its share holders. McDonald's strategy to develop its global workforce is designed to be aligned with and support the execution of its over- arching strategic business goal, which is ;amp;quot;to become everyone's favorite place and way to eat". McDonald's current strategy is to further promote the image of healthy food that can be found at ;amp;quot;New or Re- modeled McDonald's. amp;amp;quot; McDonald's new strategy of presenting its restaurants as the convenient place where healthy food can be found is in line with its recent attempts to create a healthier image for itself. The corporation is planning other menu changes, such as switching to a cinnamon roll and a sausage burrito as its core breakfast offering, while bagels would become an alternative item. Some chain that individuals ;amp;quot;confront a future of accelerating McDonaldization. ;amp;quot; These changes are part of its strategy to offer a range of choices that support a balanced lifestyle, thus to attract new clients and retain old ones.McDonald's Business Process Supply chain business process integration involves collaborative work between buyers and suppliers, joint product development, common systems and shared information. According to Lambert and Cooper operating an integrated supply chain requires continuous information flows, which in turn assist to achieve the best product flows. However, in many companies, management has reached the conclusion that optimizing the product flows cannot be accomplished without implementing a process approach to the business.The key critical supply business processes in McDonald's will comb following processes: Customer service management Customer relat ionship management concerns the relationship between the organization and its customers. Customer service provides the source of customer information. It also provides the customer with real- time information on promising dates and product availability through interfaces with the McDonald's company's production and distribution operations. Procurement process Strategic plans are developed with suppliers to support the manufacturing low management process and development of new products. In firms where operations extend globally, like McDonald's it sourcing should be managed on a global basis. Activities related to obtaining products and materials from outside suppliers requires performing resource planning, supply sourcing, negotiation, order placement, inbound transportation, storage, handling and quality assurance, many of which include the responsibility to coordinate with suppliers in scheduling, supply continuity, hedging, and research into new sources or programmes.Product dev elopment and commercialization Here, customers and suppliers must be united into the product development process, thus to reduce time to market. The appropriate products must be developed and successfully launched in ever shorter time- schedules to remain competitive. Manufacturing flow management process The manufacturing process is produced and supplies products to the distribution channels based on past forecasts. Manufacturing processes must be flexible to respond to market changes, and must accommodate mass customization.Orders are processes operating on a just- in- time (JIT) basis in minimum lot sizes. It also changes in the manufacturing flow process lead to shorter cycle times, meaning improved responsiveness and efficiency of demand to customers. Physical distribution This concerns movements of a finished products or service to customers. In physical distribution, the customer is the final destination of a marketing channel, and the availability of the product or service i s a vital part of each channel participant's marketing effort.It is also through the physical distribution process that the time and space of customer service become an integral part of marketing, thus it will link a marketing channel with its customers. For example, links manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers. Outsourcing/ partnerships This is not just outsourcing the procurement of materials and components, but it also outsourcing of services that traditionally have been provided in- house. Manage and control partners and suppliers require a blend of both central and local involvement. Hence, strategic decisions need to be taken entrally with the monitoring and control of supplier performance and day- to- day liaison with logistics partners being best managed at local level. Performance measurement Experts found a strong relationship from the largest arcs of supplier and customer integration to market share and profitability. By taking advantage of supplier capabilities and emp hasizing a long- term supply chain perspective in customer relationships can be both correlated with firm performance. Supply Chain Supply chain is one of the critical factors for the smooth functioning of any business.Supply chains most- often show where different product components are sourced. There are two key components to the fast food industry supply chain. On the one hand, raw materials are essential to the ultimate product. More importantly, though, the value- added component of the supply chain comes primarily from the services provided by quick, convenient, and quality establishments. The value- added from the supplier to producer right through to the retailer and the final customer. The most important aspect of the industry supply chain is that it is driven by the consumer.The consumer has what seems to be an endless amount of fast food chains to choose from every day. The best example is Burger King and McDonald's they all have excellent marketing departments and that i s why they are all on the rise in today's market. The main goal of their marketing is to make the consumer drive that extra two blocks past the competitor to eat at their chain. McDonald's Supply Chain McDonald's was aware that supply chain management was undoubtedly the most important factor for funning its restaurants successfully.McDonald's supply chain is extensive and complex. It's very efficient, which is why McDonald's are able to consistently offer their customers safe and quality food at an affordable price. But there's more to the equation. McDonald's supply chain contributes positively to the safety, quality, and availability of their final products. They also want their product ingredients to be produced in ways that can contribute positively to the development of sustainable agricultural and food manufacturing practices. McDonald's have a large umber of direct suppliers- companies that make or deliver final products for their restaurants- even McDonald's have larger num ber of indirect suppliers- companies and farms that grow or process the ingredients that are eventually delivered to their direct suppliers. (Figure1. 1) Figure1. 1 Supplier performance index Import Breath of supply process control equipment No direct control over issues, positive influence by raising questions, bring people to the table and encouraging improvement the McDonald's supply chain.A supply chain driven by point- of- sale date needs a consensus forecast for all stakeholders in the chain- including suppliers, distribution centers and restaurants. Indirect suppliers are primary processing; direct suppliers belong to distribution centers. The distribution centers are the second stage (second echelon, thus making more than one echelon, hence the name, multi- echelon) where safety stock is held. Distribution centers have optimized inventories, and increased product availability and freshness. For example, Quaker, Kraft, Keebler, Carnation, Keystone Foods, J. R.Simplot Co, Coca Cola and Tyson Foods all these suppliers will ship to a distribution centers. These distribution centers include everything from food products to cleaning supplies to replacement parts. Individual stores only make one phone call to re- stock the entire store. When all these suppliers ship to distribution centers and the final step is ship these items to McDonald's restaurants. (Figure 1. 2) Figure 1. 2 McDonald's so successful and their supply chain so efficient is that they then take that technology and share it with the rest of their suppliers so that they can all grow together and create better products.McDonald's Supply Chain in Indian McDonald' initiative to set up an efficient supply chain and deploy state-of-art technology changed the entire Indian fast food industry and raised the standards of performance to international levels such McDonald's has worked in the supply chain, their first to open the joint first in McDonalds, brand overseas, which are trying to make, inroads in India's development partners in a manner that will be with companies from the beginning of the success of McDonald's India successfully by providing all he necessary products from domestic to ensure this McDonald's develop local business that can provide the product quality now. McDonald's has a dedicated supply chain in India and the success of McDonalds India was achieved by sourcing all its required products from within the country. McDonald's success in India had been built on four pillars: limited menu, fresh food, fast service and affordable price. Intense competition and demands for a wider menu, drive- through and sit- down meals- encouraged the fast food giant to customize product variety without hampering the efficacy of its supply chain.Today, McDonald's India works with 38 different suppliers based on a long term and several multiple other stand alone restaurants for the needs of many McDonald's distribution centers in India comes in the following order Noida and Kal amboli (Mumbai) in 1996, Bangalore in 2004 and the last one in Kolkata (2007) McDonald's entering the first distribution cooperation agreement in food- related service business. Between 1992 and 1996, when McDonald's opened its first outlet in India, it worked frenetically to put the perfect supply chain in place.McDonald's spent a few years setting up a unique Cold Chain and it was one of the unique concepts of McDonald's supply chain in India, on which it has spent over six years to get systems into place. It trained the local farmers to produce lettuces or potatoes to specifications and worked with a vendor to get the perfect cold chain in place. This system brought about a veritable revolution, immensely benefiting the farmers at one end and enabling customers at retail counters get the highest quality food products, absolutely fresh and at great value.The adoption of clod chain in India could increase the integrity of processed food value chains and reverse post harvest deterio ration, which currently sees 40% raw material wastage on an annual basis. McDonald's expands in India, gives the provider the opportunity to expand its business, access to the latest food technology, exposure to advanced agricultural practices and have the ability to grow or export. The Cold Chain is necessary to maintain the integrity of food products and retain their freshness and nutritional value.McDonald's Supply Chain Challenges and its Potential impacts Even stronger focus on freshness and quality To make sure the materials' fresh and quality is the biggest challenge for fast food industry. Especially for McDonald's this famous brand that customers will have higher expectation than others. If you get any mistakes on the freshness and quality that will make customers sensitive to take the doubts and do not want to purchase. It will lead our sales and stocks get one big shock. Hence, we are facing the stress that to ensure our products keep freshness and good quality in sustain able.As the potato contingency above suggests in France, the supply chain is one of the most difficult areas to monitor. McDonald's exerts 80-90 percent of its impact on the world from a social responsibility standpoint through its supply chain that they innovative the sustainable supply chain model and use it in the business. When McDonald's purchases beef, for example, it doesn't buy it from a cattle rancher. Typically it is purchased from a supplier—one who takes in raw beef and forms it into beef patties.However, some of suppliers for minimize the costs that try to use the frozen storage of beef to do the beef patties. McDonald's always want try to solve this problem, but it isn't so easy. The company doesn't have any direct business dealings with the rancher. It has to exert influence through intermediaries. On-going product innovations As we know McDonald's has its R&D department for research the new product menu and provide to the customers. The innovation at McDon ald's it is extremely unique, while it may be spurred by one of our suppliers, is always shared information with the other suppliers.However, McDonald's has to polling the risk on reveal supply chain management information by these suppliers. However, it is one part of the makeup of our relationship based on trust and mutual respect. There is a lot of pride that goes with being the creator of any particular innovation. Another part reason is for the fast food innovation is very important it not only needs to match the features of the fast food industry and also should use the special characters and tastes to attractive consumers. However, it needs the long lead time and high costs.It will make McDonalds' sales goes down and take the fluctuation on the profitability. This is one big challenge in the supply chain that is how to minimize the period of the new emerges out of the old. Strong customer demand fluctuations based on promotions At the above we can find these three pictures sh ow the promotion's effects on the sales and indirect to reflect the correlation between demand fluctuations with McDonalds' promotion. McDonalds uses the McToys as a sales promotional tool to drive interest and Sales.In their product of Happy Meal among the young children the primary target market of McDonalds gets a sales and demand. Even take the out of stock situation in some periods. The desired marketing effect of offering these toys is to renew interest in the Happy Meal product among young children. The toy serves as a special ;amp;quot;surprise;amp;quot; for this market upon consumption of the primary contents – the food. However, after these periods the customers especial for the young children will feel boring about our products.Because of the younger always like the fresh things, hence, sometimes it will lead the McDonalds' demand take a fluctuations. It not only affects McDonalds' sales and also will take the big challenge on the holding costs or loss profits by t he out of stock. Order- and inventory management restaurant – DC – supplier – raw material supplier McDonald's has one big order and inventory system and supply chain. If want make them in a high efficiency and properly operation, that it needs McDonalds have one correct managerial models and strategies.For example, they need based on the per 100 item sales data to forecast the demand. McDonalds is facing a real stress on the system revolution to make it comes with is very useful farmers at one end and the customer over the counter products sold to the highest quality fresh and value complete. And how to use the laser cooling identity, to make the operation run properly to maintain the freshness and nutritional value of raw materials and processed foods. This involves the purchase of inventory, transportation and food retailers all died under temperature control.And they also should know how to calculate the orders accurate. Hence, is one core challenge in the s upply chain management? Bull Whip effect Bullwhip is the Key challenge in McDonalds' supply chain. The Bullwhip Effect is a main reason for higher costs and problems in supply chains. It describe how small fluctuations in demand at the client level are augmented as orders pass up the supply chain through distributors, manufacturers, and suppliers. In great variety supply chains, the upstream activities react to forecasts, while somewhere on the downstream part the chain waits for orders to be ade. Think about these two former fast food mottos: ;amp;quot;We Do it all for you;amp;quot; proposed by McDonalds and ;amp;quot;Have it Your Way;amp;quot; by Burger King. McDonald's makes finished hamburgers "to forecast" – McDonalds doesn't know when people would come in for consumption, but they make burgers in anticipation. Burger King prefers to wait until customers actually place (customizable) orders before the burgers are made.This is more frequently known as th e ;amp;quot;Build-to-Order;amp;quot; (BTO) model, while McDonalds' strategy up to now is called "Build to Stock" (BTS). Hence, how to utilize this model solve the fluctuation is the real challenge of they need to consider. Change Management in a de- centralized structure McDonald's supply chain system is so simple system that McDonald's supply chain is based on the three-legged stool concept Company – Franchisees – Suppliers. Hence, sometimes it leads the react on the problems more slowly compare with other fast food competitors.Hence, Jack Greenberg, the former accountant who last year was named chief executive of McDonald's Corp orchestrated a management realignment that broke up some of the company's internal cliques and divided the organization into five more autonomous regions, which theoretically will be able to react more quickly to local market conditions. It not benefit for them to expand their global market and react in one short time. The r ealignment also led to the company's first layoffs ever, which reduced some of the bloat that had built up during the chain's aggressive domestic expansion.In mid-1990s the American had taken the things like this. Hence, how to realign the structure and solve the problems taken by this decentralized activity are the key points we need to facing in this part. Methods for Solve Problems Build the quality supervised system Quality has always meant ensuring that our customers receive food products that are the result of the best ingredients, strict standards, and proven preparation procedures to guarantee a safe, great tasting product. Currently, McDonald is facing the challenge on sustainable development on he products' freshness and quality. Even they have a well down on this part work; however they still cannot ignore the problems always taken in their working process. Hence, we think McDonald can make one supervised system (as in most areas around the world), McDonald's restaurants always use the network of independently owned distribution centers that buy products from ‘direct' suppliers – those suppliers who are involved in the final stage of the food supply chain and provide McDonald's restaurants with finished food products like hamburger patties and buns.These direct suppliers buy the raw ingredients they use to produce our food products from a far more dispersed network of suppliers. Hence, we need to make the three-stage supervised system. Firstly, we can build the department to supervise the original materials that came from our indirect suppliers and set up the direct connect style to keep communicate with them. Secondly, we can set up the supervisor in the logistic department to make them give us feedback about our direct suppliers' information and help us to supervise their materials' quality and transportation process.Finally, we can hire the professional supervisor in each of restaurants to check the finish goods and deliver goods, if or not match our standard. McDonalds' inspection program(QIP) to investigate the quality of more than 20 points the difference in the Cold Chain setting of Cold Chain to enable them to reduce the loss of operating Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is the system to focus on food safety protection in place, suppliers and restaurants rather than check on patients or checking status.Information microorganisms according HACCP, control points and control points important for all McDonald's plant food major department stores in India have been identified; Ltd. has been established for those followed by the audit record and correct the deviation. Build the detailed R&D process Consider the McDonald's situation that should pooling the risk with share the innovation information with suppliers and need one long lead time and high costs. Hence, we want advice them to centralized this system and detailed the tasks of process.First of all, McDonald can build some R;amp;D centers in some important regions. Because of McDonald only have three R;amp;D centers (Hong Kong, Indian, American). For minimize the innovative lead time and react immediate about the market demand, I think they should set up two more centers in European and South American. Secondly, I think they should protect their innovative information to reveal to suppliers. Especially that some direct suppliers have the agreement with McDonald on the innovation part. It will help McDonald less opportunity to make our competitors to capture their achievements.At the restaurant level, McDonald can focus in three areas: Energy conservation – Find further ways to increase energy efficiency in their restaurants in order to save money and reduce our environmental impacts Sustainable packaging and waste management – Continue exploring ways to reduce the environmental impacts of McDonald's consumer packaging and waste in their restaurant operations Green building design – Enhance McDon ald's strict building standards to incorporate further opportunities for environmental efficiencies and innovation in the design and construction of McDonald's restaurants If R&D centers need to collect some market information and the materials data, can find the internal employees to take responsible on intelligent information collected. Even though, it looks like the costs will be goes high. However, McDonald will less the opportunity of loss and minimizes the fluctuation lead time to ensure the profitability in one stable level. It is indirect to help McDonald decrease the costs. Improve the level of marketing promotion and forecastFor avoid the bullwhip effects and the demand fluctuation by the promotional effects. I think McDonald should improve the level of marketing promotion and forecast. They can hire the promotional designer to plan their activities and promotion. They can base on the holiday and commemoration day to setup the activities and also can design different s eries Mac toys to do the promotion to meet the customers' needs. McDonald also needs to build the technical forecast system and use the reasonable methods to prevent the fluctuation in the sales lead time. McDonald can combine the ;amp;quot;build to order;amp;quot; and ;amp;quot;build to stock;amp;quot; these to system.Make their forecast more accurate and control the bullwhip effects in one small level. Build to stock is frequently considered as an appropriate solution for high volume products where the demand is either seasonal or easily predicted, or both. This model is more nearly about the McDonalds' current situation, because of McDonalds' demand is highly in usually. And by the long history experience McDonald has the ability to do the accurate forecast; however McDonald has to consider their special service -24hours. In the midnight there is only few people choice to buy as their midnight snack. Hence, if they follow the ;amp;quot;build to stock;amp;quot; in the midnight per iod will lead in excess of demand.It will make our costs get waste and cannot provide the fresh and high quality products for the customers who order in the midnight. Some firms build all their products to order while others build them to stock. Build to Order in an automotive context as a demand driven production approach where a product is scheduled and built in response to a confirmed order received for it from a final customer. The final customer refers to a known individual owner and excludes all orders by the original equipment manufacturer OEM, national sales companies [NSC], dealers or point of sales, bulk orders or other intermediaries in the supply chain. Hence, in the McDonalds' midnight service is most closed to these conditions.Given the widespread proliferation of products, there are a number of manufacturers taking a hybrid approach, where some items are built to stock and others are built to order. Hence, I think build these to models combine in the supply chain syst em will help get one sustainable demand and minimize unnecessary loss on costs. Build the direct supply system In MacDonald, there are many direct suppliers to provide the goods and materials that purchase from the indirect suppliers. It will lead the McDonald's costs goes high and the quality of the materials cannot ensure match the standard level. Hence, McDonald can setup the internal direct suppliers.Such as purchase the land to develop the agriculture on planting and farm. They can make the R;amp;D center to take responsible in this part. Go for this way will make McDonald can have one strong control on their materials' quality and also can decrease the lead time with the high costs in the supply chain process. By another way is it will immediate to react to the fluctuation in the marketing. The McDonald's Agricultural Assurance Programme (MAAP) is the tool use to assess the agricultural production standards employed in growing the farm products used in the menu. MAAP covers ou r core agricultural products; including beef, chicken, eggs, ilk, cheese, potatoes, wheat, lettuce, tomatoes and cucumber. The Flagship Farm project builds on our MAAP approach, by identifying some of the progressive farmers in our supply chain that exemplify good practice in their specific area, and are comfortable sharing those good practices. Use this tool to try and ensure the source more products from farms that work to higher standards. Build this direct supply system will contribute to McDonald to monitor and control the quality, safety and sustainability of the raw materials entering the supply chain. Build the decentralized structure By the reason of global integration that McDonalds' market is keeping expand.Build decentralized structure, and the variability of environmental issues across regions, there is no "one size fits all" approach. It will provide the breadth and scope of McDonald's supply chain operations at the same time. Compare with their curre nt business scale, the structure system especial for the supply chain part is more centralize. Hence, it will affect the working efficiency and increase the lead time. Hence, to build the decentralized structure in the supply chain system is necessarily. Firstly, they can build the supply chain information system to take responsible on collect the any feedbacks and intelligent information that stay in the supply chain.Secondly, build the network control system in different regions. Can immediate react on the problems taken in the supply chain. Thirdly, setup the communication center to ensure each hierarchy of supply chain can keep the communication just in time. Moreover, setup the transportation system and emergency center. If taken any problems on the supply chain allocate can change the original plan immediately. Finally, build the supervised network to make sure the safety and quality of the process and materials. Recommendation As far as we are concerned the manager should hav e a clear business philosophy. Supply chain is one very important part especially for the multinational company.The supply chain will decide what products or services of they can offered and which level of sales they can achieve. McDonalds is the famous brand in the fast food industry. Hence, the customers have the high expectation and demand on this brand. Hence, for the future McDonalds it is better to build the global supply chain network. McDonalds can use the advanced electronic tools such as the internet to make all the restaurants share the supply chain information. For different regions it can setup the department to take responsible to manage the problems taken in the supply chain. Normally, the McDonalds' products will have the fluctuation period from the promotion start to finish. And it also effect by the local market and economic environment.Hence, this department can control the market information at any time and do the logistic job to the point. Another way McDonald c an complete the direct suppliers' relation to take the direct controlling on them, less the outsourcing from the external suppliers. It will ensure the materials' quality and also will decrease some costs on transportation and materials' waste. Moreover we think MacDonald can ask the R;amp;D center to research and develop the supply chain, that take care on how to do the right forecast to minimize the fluctuation and how to improve the working effectively? We believe by McDonald's advanced management system they will have the good development on their supply chain in the future. ConclusionIn this report we are mainly talk about the McDonalds' supply chain system that also includes their management process, strategy and implementation work. From the analysis we find some problems on the supply chain work that McDonald needs to challenge. Hence, we try to provide some ideas to help McDonald to solve the related problems on the supply chain management work. Thus, under analysis supply chain part, we mainly describe how supply chain used with a business, and introduce strategy and process in McDonald's. We also have a graph to explain how McDonald's use supply chain and use the real case to analysis how McDonalds uses supply chain in Indian and the reason of why it get success in Indian.Therefore, the objective of this seminar is to make a profound qualitative and quantitative case analysis within the context of sustainable supply and demand chain management. Finally, we try to base on the analysis we have down at before and support some methods to solve them. And we also provide the recommendation for the supply chain management; we believe by McDonald's advanced management system they will have a sustainable development on the business, especially for the supply chain management. References Holweg, M. and Pil, F. (2001), ‘Successful Build-to-Order Strategies start with the Customer', MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall issue, Vol. 43, No. 1, p. 74-83 Holweg, M. and Pil, F. 2004), ‘The Second Century: Reconnecting Customer and Value Chain through Build-to-Order', Cambridge, MA and London, UK: The MIT Press. Parry, G. and Graves, A. , Eds. (2008), ‘Build to Order: The Road to the 5-Day Car', London: Springer Verlag. Beamon, B. M (1996), "Performance measures in supply chain management", Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Agile and Intelligent Manufacturing Systems, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, NY Christopher, M. (1994), Logistics and Supply Chain Management, New York, NY Johnson, J. B. , Randolph, S (1995), "Brief: making alliances work – using a computer-based management system to integrate the supply chain", Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 47 No. , pp. 512-13 Maskell, B. H. (1991), Performance Measurement for World Class Manufacturing, Productivity Press, Portland, OR Slack, N. (1991), The Manufacturing Advantage, Mercury Books, London McDonald's Corpo ration (2008). About McDonald's/McDonald's History (online). Available at: http://www. mcdonalds. com/corp/about. html. Retrieve April 28, 2008 McDonald's Corporation UK (2008). Eat Smart/What's On/Good News (online). Available at: http://www. mcdonalds. co. uk/ Retrieve April 28, 2008 Lee, Hau L. , and V. Padmanabhan. ;amp;quot;The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains. ;amp;quot; Sloan Management Review 38, no. 3 (Spring 1997): 93-103.Docstoc;amp;quot;McDonalds-Company-Background-Products-Competitors-And-Positioning;amp;quot; (online) http://www. docstoc. com/docs/9481476/McDonalds-Company-Background-Products-Competitors-And-Positioning [accessed at 24 AUG 2010] About McDonalds (online) http://www. aboutmcdonalds. com/mcd [accessed at 25 AUG 2010] About McDonalds (online) Report ;amp;quot;sustainable_supply_chain;amp;quot; http://www. aboutmcdonalds. com/mcd/csr/report/sustainable_supply_chain. html [accessed at 25 AUG 2010] SCRIBD ;amp;quot;McDonalds-INDAIN-supply-chain;amp;quot; (onl ine) http://www. scribd. com/doc/21803927/McDonalds-INDAIN-supply-chain [accessed at 23 AUG 2010] Essays Professors samples business