Investigative Lab Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Investigative Lab Proposal - Assignment Example eshwater that has a pH of 6.0–8.0, a 5.0–19.0 dGH water hardness and 4 to 41 Â °C temperature range Despite they they may not survive long enough at higher temperatures. Infact, they are taken to be not suited to living in a tropical fish tank that is heated, as they are employed to the greater oxygen amount in unheated tanks as well heat can burn them. (Copp and Sayer, 2010) Materials: Infrared gas analyzer, Fish tank with a heater, three gold fish, thermometer and two hot water bags. For this experiment, Gold fish 1 will be placed directly into the fish Tank with temperature near to 40c . Gold fish 2 will be placed in fish tank with room temperature. Gold fish 3 will be placed in fish tank with a temperature near to 4o0c.The temperature recording will be done through placing the thermometer in the fish tank. The machine will be expected to match after every five minutes. Alteration will be done at different points. The experiment will be carried out to ascertain if temperature has a significant effect on respiration rates of the Gold fish. It is based on the fact that there is kinetic energy alteration of enzymes involved in respiration with change in temperature thus its rate of reaction can either be faster or slower Copp GH, Sayer CD (2010) Norfolk Biodiversity Action Plan – Local species action plan for crucian carp ( Carassius carassius). Norfolk Biodiversity Partnership Reference:LS/3. Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, 9

English Essays Frankenstein

English Essays Frankenstein Why is Frankenstein considered a Gothic novel and Fathers and Sons and Great Expectations considered realist? Discuss in an essay of 2000 words with reference to Frankenstein and either Fathers and Sons or Great Expectations. Great Expectations and Frankenstein provide us with examples of the nineteenth century English novel frequently labeled realist and gothic respectively. This essay aims to discuss the characteristics that contribute to these labels and how far this sets the two novels apart. The realist novel is classified as such by its attempt to represent social types of the time and symbolize the community of a historical era by portraying particular individuals. Consequently, characters within the novel serve as examples of their particular social type. One of the aims of the realist novel was to bring life to history, to add a human viewpoint to a real historical situation. This means that the realist narrative focuses on the everyday concerns, thoughts and feelings of societys people. Not concerned solely with immediate feelings, the ambitions and desires of a person are also of great interest to the realist writer. As a result we are presented with a picture not just of how the world was, but how different social types imagined it to be. Great Expectations is set in early Victorian England at a time when great social changes were taking place. The Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and nineteenth century had transformed the social landscape, enabling capitalists and manufacturers to amass huge fortunes that would otherwise have been unattainable; social class was no longer a status dependent purely on birth. This is the dynamic environment into which Dickens places his protagonist, Pip. Pips sudden transformation from country laborer to city gentleman allows Dickens to commentate on the differences between social extremes. Pips decisions are constantly influenced by the strict rules and expectations that governed Victorian England at this time. The setting of the novel would have been familiar to its readership and certain aspects can clearly be linked to historical truth. For example, in 1841 there would have been three thousand civilian prisoners held aboard nine hulk ships anchored in English waters. It is reasonable to believe, therefore, that Magwitch could have escaped from a ship that found itself anchored off the Essex coast. The moral of the story is clear: social standing is a superficial and insufficient guide to character. Pip swiftly becomes driven by the fantasy of becoming a gentleman, and it is these great expectations that form the basic plot of the novel. As a result Dickens is able to satirise the very class system that he is a part of. The consequences of Pips actions allow us an insight into Dickens social ideals Pips life as a gentleman is no more satisfying or moral than his life as a country laborer. Indeed it is through Joe, Biddy and Magwitch that Pip learns that social and educational improvement are irrelevant to a persons true worth. Consequently, it must be noted that the realist novel is heavily influenced by the way that the realist novelist sees the world; Dickens focuses firmly on those in the community who have earned their status through commerce and as a result, the post-Industrial revolution class system portrayed largely ignores the nobility and aristocracy by birth. In thi s respect the realist novel can be read as more subjective social criticism and raises the issue of how reliable one author can be when it comes to presenting an objective view of the world. Characters in the novel naturally present us with conflicting views of society and it is left to Dickens to reconcile these ideas and present us with the answer, an answer that is heavily influenced by his own ideals. It can be argued that this technique over-simplifies social issues, in the words of Joe, one mans a blacksmith, and ones a whitesmith, and ones a goldsmith, and ones a coppersmith. Divisions among such must come, and must be met as they come. There seems to be little in between and each must be met as they are presented by Dickens. Other factors may also have come into play when producing this realist novel, particularly, the novels market. The content of Great Expectations would have been heavily influenced by the requirements of All the Year Round, one of the magazines for which Dickens wrote. Having just published a rather unsuccessful serial by another author, Dickens saw Great Expectations as a means of drawing in readers and getting the magazine back on track financially: an ironic influence considering the moral of the story which condemns the pursuit of financial and social gain. As mentioned previously, the setting of Great Expectations would have been familiar to its contemporary readers, allowing them to relate to characters. Setting is one factor that sets the realist novel apart from the gothic. The landscape presented in Frankenstein would have been wholly alien to readers of the time. Gothic novels tend to locate narratives in mysterious locations and this convention is clearly adhered to in Frankenstein, with action taking place in continental Europe and Arctic regions places it is unlikely Shelleys readers would have ever visited. In the same respect Victors experiments take place in an unknown setting as the majority of readers would have been unfamiliar with laboratories and scientific experiments. The use of strange and eerie settings succeeds in creating a mood of suspense and unsettling atmosphere, Who shall conceive the horrors of my secret toil as I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave Another characteristic of the gothic novel is the use of the supernatural. Moers writes that, in Gothic writings fantasy predominates over reality, the strange over the commonplace, and the supernatural over the natural, with one definite authorial intent: to scare. Shelley uses the supernatural elements of raising the dead to frighten her readers. Through the eyes of Victor the monster is repulsive and altogether unnatural, shocking the reader out of reality, I suddenly beheld the figure of a man, at some distance, advancing toward me with superhuman speed. At a time of great scientific advancement this would have been a topical story that pushed the boundaries, presenting readers with a truly shocking idea removed from reality, but remotely possible. Not only is this topic unknown and mysterious, it is presented in such a macabre manner that terror consumes the reader. Victors decision to stop making a female monster is driven by fear that a race of devils would be propagated upon the earth who might make the very existence of the species of man a condition precarious and full of terror and this is the very feeling that has already been sparked in the reader during the creation of the first monster. The gothic tradition thrives on the sensational. In her essay on the Female Gothic, Moers argues that the gothic novel is primarily concerned with producing a physiological reaction, a story that chills the spine and curdles the blood. Victor himself experiences this bodily reaction induced by fear Sometimes my pulse beat so quickly and hardly that I felt the palpitation of every artery. In this respect, Shelleys novel clearly meets the criteria of the gothic traditions, illustrated by Lord Byron who is said to have run from the room screaming on first hearing the story of Frankenstein. Indeed, such sensationalist literature was highly sought after in this period and pandered to by such gothic fiction. These sensations are enhanced by the feeling of suspense that runs through Frankenstein, particularly from the moment the monster threatens Victor with the words, I will be with you on your wedding-night, a phrase that echoes through the novel from the moment it is spoken. Nature in the gothic novel is presented as sublime, a retreat from both physical and emotional strain. This is evident in Victors journey to the mountains to revive his spirits and the monsters joy when spring arrives. Nature is often used in conjunction with darkness to construe a feeling of foreboding or evil. This is the case as Victor creates the monster, an endeavor that forces him to shun daylight and lead a solitary life, the moon gazed on my midnight labours, while, with unrelaxed and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hiding-places. As the novel progresses we would not expect life to be injected into the monster on any other night but a dreary night in November. Nature is used to a similar effect within Great Expectations where the mist that occurs on the nights when Pip visits Magwitch, The mist was heavier yet when I got out upon the marshes, and subsequently returns when he leaves for London, suggests that all will not run smoothly when he reaches the city. Through multiple narratives Shelley forces us to question our sympathies. In a Russian doll narrative style we are told the story of Frankenstein through Walton, who in turn tells the story of the monster, who in turn tells the story of Safie and the cottagers. However, it is not until halfway through the novel that we are subject to the monsters narrative and by this time we have already been influenced by Victors biased account of events. Consequently, we become aware of the complex nature of truth and the power of our own subjectivity. In the questions that are asked of us, supernatural becomes closer to natural than we may have first imagined. Although we are terrorized in true gothic fashion, we are simultaneously forced to question the source of this terror. Having said this, the complex narrative structure and the portrayal of the supernatural clearly invites more of a gothic reading. In his essay, Reading Frankenstein, Richard Allen points to narration as a signifier for narrative form, stating that Pips first person narrative makes his presentation in terms of what we might read as gothic excess in fact rather plausible, since it can also be understood as the product of a young imagination replete with the monsters and ogres of folk and fairy-tale tradition. The realist narrative directs us towards a more sensible and natural explanation, toning down what may be gothic content by presenting it from a realist perspective. This realist understanding of supernatural events can be identified in the reaction of the magistrate to whom Victor explains his story to, He had heard my story with that half kind of belief that is given to a tale of spirits and supernatural events. Both Dickens and Shelley draw from their own experiences in writing their respective novels. Dickens would have been extremely familiar with the city of London and the marshes surrounding Kent, and would also have experienced the law system, with his own father spending time in prison. Shelley was also frequently exposed to the ideas expressed in her novel, spending time with radical thinkers through her father and husband. Great Expectations may well be more openly realistic, but the subtext of Frankenstein connects to the natural more than a first reading may imply. There is a vast undercurrent of birth and abortion illustrated by a link that is often made between the creation of the monster and Marys loss of a child. Her journals explain that the baby died before it was given a name (just as Frankensteins monster remained nameless) and that she also experienced a vivid dream in which she was able to bring it back to life. It must be noted that neither novel can be classified by one single form. Great Expectations for example can also be read as a bildungsroman, another popular nineteenth century novel form which depicts growth and personal development by transition from childhood to adulthood. Much of the gothic novel also draws from the Romantic tradition, Shelleys portrayal of human feeling, compassions and discontent towards all that is commercial and inhuman is closely aligned with this movement. Walden observes this cross-over of genres, stating that what is especially interesting about Dickens writings is the degree to which they anticipate the continuing hybridity of genre expectations, a statement that can equally be applied to Shelley. Bibliography Frankenstein, Mary Shelley (Everymans Library, 1992) Great Expectations, Charles Dickens (Marshall Cavendish, 1986) The Endurance of Frankenstein: Essays on Mary Shelleys Novel, Edited by George Levine and U. C. Knoepflmacher (University of California Press, 1979) The Realist Novel, Edited by Dennis Walder (Routledge, 1995) http://intolerablehulks.com/intro.html

Essay on Stage Directions in The Glass Menagerie -- Glass Menagerie e

Importance of Stage Directions in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Tennessee Williams' play, The Glass Menagerie, stage directions are as important to the theme of the play as the dialogue itself. Detailed stage directions intensify the unrealistic setting, foreshadow and emphasize events, and develop the characters. Dim colored lighting and symbolic melodies create the unrealistic setting for the memory play. In his opening narration Tom says, "Being a memory play, it is dimly lighted, it is sentimental, it is not realistic. In memory everything seems to happen to music. That explains the fiddle in the wings" (699). Throughout the play the stage directions call for "a turgid smokey red glow," "gloomy gray" lighting and "deep blue dusk" which create the hazy images of a memory. For a short while, as Jim enters, there is a "delicate lemony light" (688), and a soft light from the new lamp brings out Laura's "unearthly prettiness" (695). Yet, at the end of the play, and throughout its majority, the set is grim, characteristic of Tom's sad memory. Music in the play can be symbolic or simply add to the emotion of a scene. In scene four, "Ave Maria" plays softly in the background, symbolizing Amanda's duties as a mother. Throughout the play, music swells and recedes with the rising and falling of the c haracters' emotions. For example, as Tom is confronting his mother with the reality of his sister's handicap, "the music changes to a tango that has a minor and somewhat ominous tone" (687). Describing characters' appearances and presenting messages upon the screen, the stage directions foreshadow and emphasize events. The description of Tom standing on the fire escape looking "like a voyager" (692) foreshadows his escape to th... ... actions of Amanda and Laura, an audience might believe that Laura has come out of her shell for good or that Amanda is simply an overprotective mother who cannot face reality. Yet, with the elaborate stage directions, Tennessee Williams creates a distinctive memory play with each character tragically failing to reach his or her goals. Works Cited Jolemore, Nancy.   "Lecture Notes and Study Guide Questions for Tennessee William's The Glass Menagerie."   Old Dominion University.   18 January 2000.   Accessed:   29 June 2002. . Reser, Rob.   "A Touch of Glass."   29 June 2002. . Williams, Tennessee.   The Glass Menagerie.   Literature and The Writing Process. 5th ed. Elizabeth McMahan, Susan X. Day, and Robert Funk. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice, 1999. 693-734.   

Financial Maths

FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS 1. RATE OF RETURN 2. SIMPLE INTEREST 3. COMPOUND INTEREST 4. MULTIPLE CASH FLOWS 5. ANNUITIES 6. LOAN REPAYMENT SCHEDULES Financial Math Support Materials Page 1 of 85 (1) RATE OF RETURN FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS CONCERNS THE ANALYSIS OF CASH FLOWS BETWEEN PARTIES TO A CONTRACT. IF MONEY IS BORROWED THERE IS AN INTIAL CASH INFLOW TO THE BORROWER BUT AFTERWARDS THERE WILL BE A CASH OUTFLOW IN THE FORM OF REPAYMENTS. A person borrows $100 and promises to repay the lender $60 after 1 year and $60 after 2 years. Show the resulting cash flows for the borrower and lender. Financial Math Support MaterialsPage 2 of 85 Time Now 1 End of 2 years Borrower 0 End of 1 year Lender 2 $100 is loaned out $120 is received back The extra $20 is the lenders compensation for foregoing current consumption to obtain future consumption. The lender requires compensation for: Financial Math Support Materials Page 3 of 85 THE â€Å"TIME VALUE† OF MONEY CONSIDER A CHOICE OF ? $100 NOW, OR ? $100 LATER ANY RATIONAL PERSON WOULD CHOOSE $100 NOW! BUT WHY? â€Å"MONEY HAS A TIME VALUE† Financial Math Support Materials Page 4 of 85 Time Value of Money (TVM) ? Refers to the difference between ? The concept enables ? Provides the means for valuing multiple cash lows that occur at different times The level of interest rates is the index used to determine prevailing TVM. Interest rates are determined by the level of †¦ For every type of financing transaction there is potentially a different interest rate. Interest rates are distinguished by the nature of the underlying transaction and focus on three characteristics: ? ? ? Financial Math Support Materials Page 5 of 85 An important aspect of valuation is applying the appropriate interest rate. For example, valuing a fixed-rate loan to a highly speculative company using a government bond rate is inappropriate; an adjustment must be made reflecting he relative creditworthiness of the borrower. While different TVMs may exist for every borrower and lender, it is the Most financial math formulae are a form of present value calculation; that is, these formulae identify the future cash flows of a financial instrument and then calculate the value at which these instruments could be exchanged for cash today. Financial Math Support Materials Page 6 of 85 RATE OF RETURN Suppose I purchase a watch for $200 and sell it a year later for $250. What is the dollar return and rate of return of this transaction? Financial Math Support Materials Page 7 of 85 Interest Interest a fee for borrowing money – about as old as civilisation itself Prime rate – the interest charged to the largest and most secure corporations. Interest is a cost to business, hence it is very important to understand how it is calculated and how it impacts on the business. There are two basic types of interest Simple Interest and Compound Interest Simple Interest Compound Interest Financial Math Support Materials Page 8 of 85 (2) SIMPLE INTEREST When a financial institution quotes an interest rate for a loan it can do so in different ways. For example, a quote 10% p. a. simple interest has different cash flows than a quote of 10% p. . compound interest payable quarterly. If the quote is offered as a SIMPLE INTEREST RATE, then the rate is taken as a proportion of the initial loan amount. eg 12% p. a. (SIMPLE), is equivalent to 1% per month, or 3% per quarter, or 6% semi-annually. * NOTE – The quoted rate is often referred to as the nominal rate. Financial Math Support Materials Page 9 of 85 SIMPLE INTEREST Suppose we lend $300 and quote a simple interest rate of 8% p. a. What will be the interest and repayment if the loan is made over: (a) six months, (b) one year, (c) three years. (a) 8% p. a. = Interest = Repayment = (b) Interest = Repayment = (c) 8% p. a. =Interest = Repayment = Financial Math Support Materials Page 10 of 85 Symbolically: Interest amount = I = P i t P ~ principal (or amount bor rowed = PV) i ~ rate of interest as a percentage t ~ time is the number of years, or fraction of a year, for which the loan is made The simple interest (I) charged on a loan of $800 for 2. 5 years at 8. 5% is: I = Pit = Simple interest is usually associated with short-term loans, that is, less than 12 months. In the formula time (t) is expressed in years, or fraction of a year. Example: $800 for 9 months at 8. 5% is: I= Financial Math Support Materials Page 11 of 85 Example: $800 for 88 days at 8. % is: I = Pit At the end of the period the amount repaid is: FV = PV(1 + t i) Where t represents the fraction of a year during which the money is borrowed. Financial Math Support Materials Page 12 of 85 SIMPLE INTEREST In general, the amount repayable, or Future Value (FV) of a loan quoted as simple interest is given by: ? ? ? ? f ? i? FV ? PV 1 ? 365 ? ? ? ? ? ? Where: FV – is the future value (amount repayable) PV – is the present value (Principle) f – is the numbe r of days i – is the annual simple interest rate PV = EQUIVALENTLY, Financial Math Support Materials FV ?f? 1+ ? ?i ? 365 ? Page 13 of 85 SIMPLE INTEREST Question 4(a) from 2001, 2nd semester final exam) Leanne buys a watch for $80 and sells it a month later for $85. What nominal annual interest rate of return does she earn? Rate of return in one month = Annual nominal rate = Financial Math Support Materials Page 14 of 85 Principal unknown A borrower can pay an interest amount of $120 at the end of 6 months. If the current interest rate for personal loans is 9% what is the maximum that can be borrowed, that is, what is PV? ? f ? i I ? PV ? ? ? 365 ? I PV ? ?f? ? ?i ? 365 ? Note: Financial Math Support Materials Page 15 of 85 Interest rate unknown A loan of $18,000 for 8 months had an nterest charge of $888. What was the annual rate of interest rate? ? f ? i I ? PV ? ? ? 365 ? I i? ?f? ? ? PV ? 365 ? Financial Math Support Materials Page 16 of 85 Rayleen’s birthday was on the 14th August last year. On this date she received a gift of $4,800 from her family which she placed in an interest earning account at a nominal rate of 5. 75% per annum. If she withdraws all funds in the account on the 8th April this year, how much will she receive? How much interest is earned? August September October November December January February March April 17 30 31 30 31 31 29 31 8 Total number of days = 237 ? ? f FV ?PV ? 1 ? ? ?i ? ? ? 365 ? ? FV = I= Financial Math Support Materials Page 17 of 85 Barns & Co Ltd. currently has a non tradable bank note with a face value of $500,000 that will mature in 85 days. Barns & Co has negotiated with its lender to obtain a loan using the note as security. The lender requires an establishment fee of $440 and charges simple interest of 9% pa. How much will Barns & Co receive, and what is the total cost of the funds? ? ? f FV ? PV ? 1 ? ? ?i ? ? ? 365 ? ? ent ? Establishm ? FV PV ? ? f? ? fee ? ? 1? ? ?i ? 365 ? Cost of funds Cost in simple interest terms Financial Math Support Materials $500,000 – $489,295. 68 = $10,704. 32 = Page 18 of 85 A bill with a face value of $500,000 and term to maturity of 180 days is sold at a yield of 8% p. a. What are the proceeds of the sale? Proceeds = PV ? PV ? FV ?f? 1? ? ?i ? 365 ? $500,000 ? 180 ? 1? ? ? 0. 08 ? 365 ? PV ? $481, 022. 67 Calculate the effective annualised return for a $100,000 investment which earned: ? 6. 5% p. a. for 90 days, then ? 7. 5% p. a. for 60 days, then ? 6. 2% p. a. for 45 days Value of investment after 90 days: 90 ? $100,000 ? 1+ ? 0. 065 = $101,602. 70 ? ? 365 ? Financial Math Support Materials Page 19 of 85 Value of investment after 90 + 60 days:Value of investment after 90 + 60 + 45 days: Value after 195 days = $103,641. 60 Annualised return = Financial Math Support Materials Page 20 of 85 APPLICATIONS OF SIMPLE INTEREST ? TREASURY NOTES ? BILLS OF EXCHANGE ? PROMISSORY NOTES – WHEN CREATED (ISSUED) – WHEN TRADED LA TER We cover these applications in greater detail in a later topic. Financial Math Support Materials Page 21 of 85 (3) COMPOUND INTEREST THE BASIC IDEA: ? PRINCIPAL GENERATES INTEREST ? RE-INVEST INTEREST TO GENERATE STILL MORE INTEREST ? RE-INVEST AGAIN TO GENERATE EVEN MORE INTEREST . . .etc Financial Math Support Materials Page 22 of 85 COMPOUND INTERESTSuppose we invest $100 000 at 10% p. a. with interest payable annually. What annual cash flows result from this investment? $100,000 Invested at 10% Compound Interest $800,000 Amount $700,000 $600,000 $500,000 $400,000 $300,000 $200,000 $100,000 $0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time in years Financial Math Support Materials Page 23 of 85 A LGEBRAICALLY ? ? ? ? ? ? Balance at end of year ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Balance after ? ? ? ? ? n FV = Financial Math Support Materials Balance at start of year ? ? ? ? ? ? (1? i) years is: PV(1 + i) n Page 24 of 85 G ENERALISING Suppose we invest $100 000 at 10% p. a. with nterest payable annually. What is the future value of this investment after 4 years? FV = $ Financial Math Support Materials Page 25 of 85 T HE POWER OF COMPOUNDING WITH COMPOUND INTEREST, â€Å"SMALL† SUMS NOW BECOME â€Å"LARGE† SUMS LATER (a) $1000 AT 13% pa FOR 50 YEARS : FV = $ (b) $1000 AT 14% pa FOR 50 YEARS : FV = $ Financial Math Support Materials Page 26 of 85 PRESENT VALUE : REARRANGING THE COMPOUND INTEREST FORMULA: PV ? FV n (1 ? i) COMPOUNDING NOW SHOWS THAT â€Å"LARGE† SUMS TO BE PAID LATER ARE WORTH ONLY â€Å"SMALL† SUMS NOW What is the present value of $1 million to be paid in 100 years’ time if the interest rate is 15% pa?Financial Math Support Materials Page 27 of 85 PRESENT VALUE : (Question 5 from 2001 2nd semester final exam) Tran Van Ng is to receive from his parents $1,000, $1,500 and $2,500 in 1 year, 2 years and 3 years respectively if he passes all subjects in his university degree each year. (a) What is the present value of th ese cash flows assuming a discount rate of 9% over the three years? (b) What is the present value of this these cash flows assuming a discount rate of 9% in the first year, 8% in the second year and 6% in the third year? Financial Math Support Materials Page 28 of 85 Present Value (a) PV ? $1, 000 ?1. 09 ? 1 ? $1,500 ?1. 9 ? 2 ? $2,500 ?1. 09 ? 3 ? $4,110. 41 (b) The value today of $2,500 received in 3 years time? 0 1 2 3 $2,500 Financial Math Support Materials Page 29 of 85 Measuring Average Growth Rates COMPOUND INTEREST IS A SPECIAL CASE OF COMPOUND GROWTH WHERE THE GROWTH RATE IS THE SAME EACH PERIOD IN COMPOUND GROWTH GENERALLY, THE GROWTH RATE MAY CHANGE EACH PERIOD IN PRACTICE, GROWTH RATES CHANGE FROM YEAR TO YEAR. WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO CALCULATE THE FUTURE VALUE AND PRESENT WHERE VALUE RATES THROUGHOUT OF OF THE AN INVESTMENT RETURN LIFE CHANGE OF THE INVESTMENT. Financial Math Support Materials Page 30 of 85 Measuring Average Growth RatesSUPPOSE YOU INITIALLY INVEST $1,000 IN AN ASSET WHOSE VALUE CHANGED YEAR BY YEAR, AS FOLLOWS: YEAR GROWTH RATE %pa 1 2 3 4 5 35 15 9 What is the future value of this investment? What is the average annual growth rate of this investment? After 4 years, the value of the asset is : Financial Math Support Materials Page 31 of 85 Measuring Average Growth Rates AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE (g) NOTE THAT THE ANSWER IS NOT: Financial Math Support Materials Page 32 of 85 Average Growth Rate Suppose we invest $1million in an asset whose value changes as follows, year 1 growth rate 20% 2 -8% 3 -15% 4 3% What is the future value of this nvestment? What is the average annual growth rate of this investment? Financial Math Support Materials Page 33 of 85 Average Growth Rate The average annual growth rate is : Financial Math Support Materials Page 34 of 85 Average Growth Rate (Question 6(a),(b) from 2001 2nd semester final exam) House prices in Melbourne have soared in the past four years. The median price of a house in Clayton at the end of each year is as follows: 1997 – $122,000 1998 – $135,000 1999 – $147,000 2000 – $185,000 (a) What is the annual compounding growth rate for housing prices calculated at the end of each year, that is 1998, 1999 and 2000? b) What is the average annual compound growth rate for housing prices over this period? Financial Math Support Materials Page 35 of 85 Average Growth Rate (a) 1998 – 1999 – 2000 – (b) ?1 ? r ? ? 3 Financial Math Support Materials Page 36 of 85 Calculating Average Growth rate – continued g = average growth rate The average rate of growth per period over n time periods is: n ? ? ? Value at end – Value at beginning ? 1 + g ? = ? 1 + ? ? Value at beginning ? ? ? ? Solving for g, 1 ? Value at end – Value at beginning ? n g = ? 1 + ? -1 Value at beginning ? ? 1 $185,000 – $122,000 ? 3 ? g = ? 1 + ? -1 $122,000 ? ? 1 ?3 ? g = ? 1. 16793 ? ? ? – 1 = 0. 148869 g = 14. 89% Financial Mat h Support Materials Page 37 of 85 Real (after Inflation) Interest Inflation reduces the purchasing power of money. We require a methodology to adjust rates of return for the impact of inflation. TODAY 1 box of biscuits costs $2. 00 I have $200 I can consume 100 boxes of biscuits IN ONE YEAR Inflation rate (10%) 1 box costs $2. 20 To consume the same quantity of biscuits I will require To have a real return of, say, 4% pa, I need to be able to purchase 104 boxes. Financial Math Support Materials Page 38 of 85 Real (after Inflation) Interest Real increase in consumption of 4%Financial Math Support Materials Page 39 of 85 Real (after Inflation) Interest FORMULA : (1 + q) = (1 + r)(1 + p) where : q is the quoted interest rate r is the real interest rate p is the inflation rate A lender quotes an interest rate of 18% pa for an investment. If the inflation rate is currently at 4% pa, what is the real interest rate earned by the investor ? Rearranging: Financial Math Support Materials (1 + q) = (1 + r)(1 + p) Page 40 of 85 EFFECTIVE and NOMINAL (QUOTED) Interest Rates A BANK LENDS $1,000 AND QUOTES AN INTEREST RATE OF: (a) 12% pa, payable quarterly (that is, 3% each quarter) (b) 12% pa, payable semi-annually that is, 6% each half year) (c) 12% pa, payable annually (that is, 12% at the end of the year) How much interest does the bank earn at the end of one year under each of these three scenarios? Financial Math Support Materials Page 41 of 85 EFFECTIVE and NOMINAL (QUOTED) Interest Rates ? interest rate of 12% pa, payable quarterly REPAYMENTS $30 $30 1 2 $30 3 $30 4 Quarter The value at the end of the year of the interest payment in the The bank has effectively earned : Financial Math Support Materials Page 42 of 85 EFFECTIVE and NOMINAL (QUOTED) Interest Rates ? INTEREST RATE OF 12% pa, PAYABLE SEMI ANNUALLY REPAYMENTS $60 1 $60 2 Half YearThe value at the end of the year of the interest payment in the The bank has effectively earned : Financial Math Support Materia ls Page 43 of 85 EFFECTIVE and NOMINAL (QUOTED) Interest Rates ? INTEREST RATE OF 12% pa, PAYABLE ANNUALLY REPAYMENTS $120 1 YEAR The value at the end of the year of the interest payment is $120 The bank has effectively earned : Financial Math Support Materials Page 44 of 85 EFFECTIVE and NOMINAL (QUOTED) Interest Rates So a quoted (Nominal) interest rate of, 12% pa payable = 12. 55% payable annually. quarterly 12% pa payable = 12. 36% payable annually semi annually 12% pa payable = 12. 00% payable annually nnually To compare interest rate quotations (the nominal interest rate) we refer to an effective interest rate, that is, the interest rate that we would receive if interest were paid once at the end of the year. In the above example: Nominal (Quoted Rate) 12% pa payable quarterly 12% pa payable semi annually 12% pa payable annually Financial Math Support Materials Effective Rate 12. 55% pa 12. 36% pa 12. 00% pa Page 45 of 85 Formula Development If the nominal rate is j percent pa , compounding m times pa, Then after one year the principal, P, becomes: m j? ? S = P ? 1 + ? m? ? (C1) The effective annual interest rate, i, is therefore: = S-P S = -1 P P (C2) Replacing S in (C2) with equation (C1) produces: j? ? P ? 1 + ? m? ? i= P m -1 m j? ? i = ? 1 + ? m? ? Financial Math Support Materials ?1 (C3) Page 46 of 85 Effective and Nominal Interest Rates (a) NOMINAL TO EFFECTIVE If the nominal rate is 15% p. a. payable monthly, then the effective rate is : (b) EFFECTIVE TO NOMINAL If the effective rate is 15% pa then the nominal pa, with monthly payments, is : Financial Math Support Materials Page 47 of 85 Effective and Nominal Interest Rates (Question from 2002 mid semester exam) Abdul Hafahed purchases a car for $5,000 and sells it four months later for $6,000. a) What nominal annual rate of return did Abdul receive? (b) What effective annual rate of return did Abdul receive? (c) If inflation is at 2% pa, what real annual effective rate of return did Abdul receive ? Show your calculations. Financial Math Support Materials Page 48 of 85 Effective and Nominal Interest Rates (a) Four month return Annual nominal return = (b) Effective rate (c) Real annual effective rate : (1 + q) = (1 + r)(1 + p) Financial Math Support Materials Page 49 of 85 Compound Interest Formula j? ? FV = PV ? 1 + ? m? ? n Where: FV = future value PV = principal (present value) j = interest rate per annum as a percentage = mT = total number of periods over which investment is held m = number of interest payments per annum Solving for other terms by rearranging variables: PV = FV j? ? 1+ ? ? m? ? n 1 ? ? ? FV ? n ? j = ? – 1? m PV ? ? ? Microsoft Excel functions: Future value: FV(rate, nper, pmt, pv, type) Present value: PV(rate, nper, pmt, pv, type) Financial Math Support Materials Page 50 of 85 CONTINUOUS COMPOUNDING Nominal interest rate We know j? ? FV ? PV ? 1 ? ? ? m? mT Number of years Number of compounding periods per year What if compounding takes place at every moment, that is ? m ? ? ? . It can be shown that as ? m ? ? then: m j? ? j ?1 ? ? ? e lim ? m ? m where e is the base of natural logarithms (e ? 2. 71828) The Future value formula then reduces to: FV ? PVe jT or, FV ? jT PV ? jT ? FVe e Financial Math Support Materials Page 51 of 85 COMPOUNDING FREQUENCY $1,000 invested for 1 year at 12%: Compounding frequency Payment at end of year Annual Semi-Annual Quarterly Monthly Daily Continuously ? As the compounding frequency increases for a given nominal interest rate, the higher the interest repayments. However the interest repayment reaches a maximum with continuous compounding. Financial Math Support Materials Page 52 of 85Continuously Compounded Returns Nominal interest rate Recall FV ? PVe Using the notation and r where r ? jT . pt ? 1 ? PV pt ? FV pt ? pt ? 1e then Number of years rt pt e? pt ? 1 rt and rearranging we have; ? pt ? ln? e ? ? ln? ?p ? ? ? t ? 1 ? rt and ? pt ? ? rt ? ln ? ?p ? ? ? t ? 1 ? rt is the continuously c ompounding return from time period t-1 to t. Financial Math Support Materials Page 53 of 85 Continuously Compounded Returns pt Note: the term pt ? 1 is referred as the Price Relative. It is the proportional price change from time t-1 to t. The logarithm of the price relative is the continuously compounding return.Continuously compounding returns are often easier to work with. Two important properties: (1) Continuously compounding returns over a period can be added up to give a total continuously compounding return. (2) The average continuously compounding return over a period is the arithmetic average of each individual continuously compounding return. Financial Math Support Materials Page 54 of 85 Continuously Compounded Returns A stock price has a closing price of $3. 00, $3. 25 and $2. 90 over 3 days. What is the continuously compounding return on each day? What is the total and average continuously compounding return? Time 0 1 Price 3. 00 . 25 2 Return 2. 90 Total return from ti me 0 to 2 = Financial Math Support Materials Page 55 of 85 Continuously Compounded Returns An investor is given a choice of: (a) investing at 16. 5% p. a. , (b) investing at 4% per quarter, for 1 year (c) investing at 16. 3% p. a. and compounded daily. (d) 16. 3% p. a. continuously compounding. Which investment is chosen? Financial Math Support Materials Page 56 of 85 Calculate the effective rate in each case. (a) 16. 5% pa (b) (c) (d) Financial Math Support Materials Page 57 of 85 (4) MUTIPLE CASH FLOWS Cash Flow Stream : Future Value 0 1 2 3 $200 3. 5 $450 4 5 6 $800 1 2 3 If interest rate 9%pa = $1,712. 50 1 :$ 2 :$ 3 :$ Stream Future Value Financial Math Support Materials Page 58 of 85 Cash Flow Stream : Present Value 0 1 2 3 $200 3. 5 $450 4 5 6 $800 1 2 3 If interest rate = 9%pa 1 2 3 Stream Present Value = $ Financial Math Support Materials Page 59 of 85 Net Present Value – NPV The present value of the following stream of cash flows, using a discount rate of 7. 5%, is: 0 Cash flows: 1 2 3 $880 $560 $420 4 $980 PV’s =$ Suppose it cost the investor $2,000 to purchase this stream of cash flows, the net present value of this stream is: NPV = -$2,000 + $ =$ outflow Investment projects where NPV ? 0 are viable.Financial Math Support Materials Page 60 of 85 Internal Rate of Return – IRR One period: YEAR $ 0 -1000 1 +1120 Dollar return = $ Equivalently, solve for r : What value of r will produce an NPV = 0 ? PV of $1,120 Using discount Rate of r for 1 period Financial Math Support Materials No discounting required since $1,000 occurs â€Å"now† Page 61 of 85 Internal Rate of Return – IRR Two periods YEAR $ 0 -1000 1 +1120 2 + 25 Clearly, IRR > 12% pa but IRR < 14. 5% pa Why? Because this would be the rate of return if the additional $25 was received in year 1. That is, Thus 12% < IRR < 14. 5% But where in this range is the IRR ?

The Return: Midnight Chapter 1

â€Å"Dear Diary, I'm so frightened I can hardly hold this pen. I'm printing rather than writing in cursive, because that way I have more control. What am I terrified of, you ask? And when I say â€Å"of Damon†you don't believe the answer, not if you'd seen the two of us a few days ago. But to understand, you have to know a few facts. Have you ever heard the phrase â€Å"Al bets are off†? It means that anything, anything, can happen. So that even somebody who figures out odds and takes bets from people gives them back their money. Because a wild card has entered the situation. You can't even figure the odds to take a bet. That's where I am. That's why my heart is pounding in my throat and head and ears and fingertips in fear. Al bets are off. You can see how shaky even my printing is. Suppose my hands shake like this when I go in to see him? I might drop the tray. I might annoy Damon. And then anything might happen. I'm not explaining this right. What I should be saying is that we're back: Damon and Meredith and Bonnie and me. We went to the Dark Dimension and now we're home again, with a star ball – and Stefan. Stefan was tricked into going there by Shinichi and Misao, the brother and sister kitsune, or evil fox-spirits, who told him that if he went to the Dark Dimension he could get the curse of being a vampire removed and become human again. They lied. All they did was leave him in a stinking prison, with no food, no light, no warmth†¦until he was at the point of death. But Damon – who was so different back then – agreed to lead us to try to find him. And, oh, I can't even begin to describe the Dark Dimension itself. But the important thing is that we finally found Stefan, and that by then we'd found the Twin Fox key we needed to release him. But – he was a skeleton, poor boy. We carried him out of the prison on his pallet, which later Matt burned; it was so infested with creepy-crawlies. But that night we gave him a bath and put him to bed†¦and then we fed him. Yes, with our blood. All the humans did it except Mrs. Flowers, who was busy making poultices for where his poor bones were almost sticking out of his skin. They had starved him to that point! I could kill Them with my own hands – or my Wings Powers – if only I could use them properly. But I can't. I know there is a spell for Wings of Destruction, but I have no idea how to summon it. At least I got to see how Stefan blossomed when being fed with human blood. (I admit that I gave him a few extra feedings that weren't on his chart, and I'd have to be an idiot not to know that my blood is different from other people's – it's much richer and it did Stefan amazing amounts of good.) And so Stefan recovered enough that the next morning he was able to walk downstairs to thank Mrs. Flowers for her potions! The rest of us, though – all the humans – were totally exhausted. We didn't even think about what had happened to the bouquet, because we didn't know it had anything special in it. We'd gotten it just as we were leaving the Dark Dimension, from a kind white kitsune who'd been in the cell across from Stefan's before we arranged a jailbreak. He was so beautiful! I never knew a kitsune could be kind. But he had given Stefan these flowers. Anyway, that morning Damon was up. Of course, he couldn't contribute any of his own blood, but I honestly think he would have, if he could. That was the way he was back then. And that's why I don't understand how I can feel the fear I feel now. How can you be terrified of someone who's kissed you and kissed you†¦and called you his darling and his sweetheart and his princess? And who has laughed with you with his eyes dancing with mischief? And who's held you when you were frightened, and told you there was nothing to be afraid of, not while he was there? Someone you only had to glance at to know what he was thinking? Someone who has protected you, no matter what the cost to himself, for days on end? I know Damon. I know his faults, but I also know what he's like inside. And he's not what he wants people to think he is. He's not cold, or arrogant, or cruel. Those are fa?ades he puts on to cover himself, like clothes. The problem is that I'm not sure he knows he isn't any of these things. And right now he's all mixed-up. He might change and become all of them – because he's so confused. What I'm trying to say is, that morning only Damon was really awake. He was the only one who saw the bouquet. And one of the things Damon definitely is, is curious. So he unwrapped all the magical wards from it and it had a single pitch-black rose in the center. Damon has been trying to find a black rose for years, just to admire it, I think. But when he saw this one he smelled it†¦and boom! The rose disappeared! And suddenly he was sick and dizzy and he couldn't smell anything and all his other senses were dulled as well. That was when Sage – oh, I haven't even mentioned Sage, but he's a tall bronze gorgeous hunk of a vampire who's been such a good friend to all of us – told him to suck in air and to hold it, to push it down into his lungs. Humans have to breathe that way, you see. I don't know how long it took Damon to realize that he really was a human, no joke, nothing anyone could do about it. The black rose had been for Stefan; and it would have given him his dream of being human again. But when Damon realized it had worked its magic on him†¦ That's when I saw him look at me and lump me in with the rest of my species – a species he's come to hate and scorn. Since then I haven't dared look him in the eye again. I know he loved me just days ago. I didn't know that love could turn to – well, to all the things he feels now about himself. You'd think it would be easy for Damon to become a vampire again. But he wants to be as powerful a vampire as he used to be – and there isn't anyone like that to exchange blood with him. Even Sage disappeared before Damon could ask him. So Damon is stuck like this until he finds some strong, powerful, and prestigious vampire to go through the whole process of changing him. And every time I look into Stefan's eyes, those jewel-green eyes that are warm with trust and gratitude – I feel terror, too. Terror that somehow he'll be snatched away again – right out of my arms. And†¦terror that he'll find out how I've come to feel about Damon. I hadn't even realized myself how much Damon has come to mean to me. And I can't†¦ stop†¦my feeling†¦for him, even if he hates me now. And, yes, damn it, I'm crying! In a minute, I have to go take him his dinner. He must be starving, but when Matt tried to take him something earlier today, Damon threw the whole tray at him. Oh, please, God, please don't let him hate me! I'm being selfish, I know, in just talking about what's going on with Damon and me. I mean, things in Fell's Church are worse than ever. Every day more children become possessed and terrify their parents. Every day, parents get angrier with their possessed children. I don't even want to think about what's going on. If something doesn't change, the whole place will be destroyed like the last town Shinichi and Misao visited. Shinichi†¦he made a lot of predictions about our group, about things we've kept secret from the others. But the truth is, I don't know if I want to hear any of his riddles solved. We're lucky in one way. We have the Saitou family to help us. You remember Isobel Saitou, who pierced herself so horribly while she was possessed? Since she's gotten better, she's become a good friend, and her mother, Mrs. Saitou, and her grandmother, Obaasan, too. They give us amulets – spells to keep evil away, written on Post-it Notes or little cards. We're so grateful for that kind of help. Someday maybe we can repay them all. Elena Gilbert put down the pen reluctantly. Shutting her diary meant having to face the things she had been writing about. Somehow, though, she managed to make herself walk downstairs to the kitchen and take the dinner tray from Mrs. Flowers, who smiled encouragingly at her. As she set out for the boardinghouse's storage room, she noticed that her hands were trembling so that the entire tray of food she was carrying jingled. Since there was no access to the storage room from inside, anyone who wanted to see Damon had to go out the front door and around to the addition tacked on near the kitchen garden. Damon's lair, people were cal ing it now. As she passed the garden Elena glanced sideways at the hole in the middle of the angelica patch that was the powered-down Gateway where they'd come back from the Dark Dimension. She hesitated at the storage room door. She was stil trembling, and she knew that was not the right way to face Damon. Just relax, she told herself. Think of Stefan. Stefan had had a grim setback when he'd found that there was nothing left of the rose, but he had soon recovered his usual humility and grace, touching Elena's cheek and saying that he was thankful just to be there with her. That this closeness was al he asked of life. Clean clothes, decent food – freedom – al these were worth fighting for, but Elena was the most important. And Elena had cried. On the other hand, she knew that Damon had no intention of remaining as he now was. He might do anything, risk anything†¦to change himself back. It had actual y been Matt who had suggested the star bal as a solution for Damon's condition. Matt hadn't understood either the rose or the star bal until it was explained that this star bal , which was probably Misao's, contained within it most or al of her Power, and that it had become more bril iant as it absorbed the lives that she took. The black rose had probably been created with a liquid from a similar star bal – but no one knew how much or whether it was combined with unknown ingredients. Matt had frowned and asked, if the rose could change a vampire to a human, could a star bal change a human to a vampire? Elena hadn't been the only one to see the slow rising of Damon's bent head, and the glimmer in his eyes as they traveled the length of the room to the star bal fil ed with Power. Elena could practical y hear his logic. Matt might be total y off track†¦but there was one place a human could be sure to find powerful vampires. In the Dark Dimension – to which there was a Gateway in the boardinghouse's garden. The Gateway was closed right now†¦for lack of Power. Unlike Stefan, Damon would have absolutely no qualms about what would happen if he had to use al the star bal ‘s liquid, which would result in the death of Misao. After al , she was one of the two foxes who had abandoned Stefan to be tortured. So all bets were off. Okay, you're scared; now deal with it, Elena told herself fiercely. Damon's been in that room for almost fifty hours now and who knows what he's been plotting to do to get hold of the star bal . Stil , somebody's got to get him to eat – and when you say â€Å"somebody,†face it, it's you. Elena had been standing at the door so long that her knees were starting to lock. She took a deep breath and knocked. There was no answer, and no light went on inside. Damon was human. It was quite dark outside now. â€Å"Damon?†It was meant to be a cal . It came out a whisper. No answer. No light. Elena swal owed. He had to be in there. Elena knocked harder. Nothing. Final y, she tried the knob. To her horror it was unlocked, and it swung open to reveal an interior as dark as the night around Elena, like the maw of a pit. The fine hairs at the back of Elena's neck were standing up. â€Å"Damon, I'm coming in,†she managed in a bare whisper, as if to convince herself by her quietness that there was nobody there. â€Å"I'l be silhouetted against the very edge of the porch light. I can't see anything, so you have al the advantages. I'm carrying a tray with very hot coffee, cookies, and steak tartar, no seasonings. You should be able to smel the coffee.† It was odd, though. Elena's senses told her that there was no one standing directly in front of her, waiting for her to literal y run into him. Al right, she thought. Start with baby steps. Step one. Step two. Step three – I must be wel into the room now, but it's stil too dim to see anything. Step four†¦ A strong arm came out of the darkness and locked in an iron grip around her waist, and a knife pressed against her throat. Elena saw blackness shot with a sudden gray network, after which the dark closed in overwhelmingly.

Capital Punishment is Not Right essays

Capital Punishment is Not Right essays To this date, Seven hundred and seventy two criminals in the U.S. alone have been subject to Capital Punishment. (Executions USA 2002). Using specific examples such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Timothy McVeigh execution, capital punishment is seen as inhumane, wrong and an unusual punishment. The death penalty is greatly rejected and discouraged by many countries and states. There are more than one hundred countries who have abolished the death penalty in law or practice, while the United States has increased the rate of executions and the number of crimes that are punishable by death (The Death Penalty...2000). Many politicians claim that they are tough on crimes, but they should spend ninety four percent of criminal justice money on preventing crimes instead of after the crime was committed (Get the Facts...2000). Protocol No.6 to the European Convention on Human Rights to Abolish is an agreement to abolish the death penalty in peacetime. The other two protocols, the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty, provide for the total abolition of the death penalty but allows states wishing to do so to retain the death penalty in wartime as an ex ception (Facts and Figures...2000). There are several different procedures that are used to execute such as hanging, the electric chair, gas chamber, lethal injection and the fire squad, which is still used in Idaho and Utah (The Death Penalty, 2000). The death penalty is abolished for all crimes under the Human Rights because it is believed to be inhumane, cruel and degrading, but it is still enforced today. The death penalty should also be abolished because the failure to prevent the execution of the innocent and the cost for executions are outrageous. In the eyes of those who are for the death penalty, they believe that the criminal sho...

West Civilization review essays

West Civilization review essays In this paper you have asked us to look at four readings, to compare and contrast the visions or attitudes towards death and the afterlife. The four readings that we were asked to look at where the Epic of Gilgamesh, Homers Iliad, Platos Apology, and finally the Martyrdom of Polycarp. The paper will be set up in the following format. First, I will give my findings in each of the four works, starting with the Epic of Gilgamesh, Homers Iliad, Platos Apology, and then finally the Martyrdom of Polycarp. Second, relate any comparisons or contrasts that I have found between the four works. Now, let us begin with the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Epic of Gilgamesh, I felt that there were two themes that related to the papers objective. One theme dealing with death and the other theme dealing with the afterlife. First, in regards to death the story illustrates to me that the overall view on death was that it was inevitable. I felt that this was shown in Enkidu's death. It was at that point for the first time I believe that Gilgamesh believed that everyone was mortal and at some point everyone is going to die including himself and with realization, he begins to deny the truth and face the reality of his own death. In regards to the afterlife, the idea that the story presented was that immortality is unachievable. Homers Iliad, I felt only presented a theme on death and the way it was viewed. It was revealed to us through the character of Hector, when he spoke of the death that was fated to him. Hector spoke of this death in the conversation with his wife. In this conversation, he states that even though he would probably die in the upcoming fighting he must go and fight. He was not afraid to die, because he felt that by fighting for his people and dying he would honor his family after his death. Plato wrote Platos Apology, after the death of Socrates. I believe that in the story, Socrates remains confid...

STRAP ON THAT BOOK

STRAP ON THAT BOOK Went to the community recreation center to walk the track, and I noticed a new childrens book on the counter where we check in. The rec center has allowed authors to put childrens books up there before, since so many kids are involved in the programs. I flipped through it, to see if it was self-published or traditional (it was self-pubbed)I asked about it, and the director said a retired school teacher wrote it. The illustrations were nice. A pretty book. I just published my book recently, I said. Oh, what kind? Mystery. The setting is in the Lowcountry, on Edisto, I said. Do you have one with you? I LOVE mysteries. So does my mother, she said. There I stood in workout clothes, no make-up and straight hair, and I caught myself selling my book. I promised her one the next day. (Which meant I had to return to workout, you know.) So I gave her the book the next day and went to the track (love that air-conditioned track, nine laps equals a mile). When I came down, she handed me the money. Her co-worker piped up. You wouldnt On another day, I went to get my hair cut. I carried the book this time, and my hairdresser bought it. And wouldnt you know it . . . the shop owner wanted a copy too, and Id only brought one. I returned that afternoon with eight, and they put them on sale to customers, in exchange for giving the owner one free. Whats cool is that these people will tell other people about the author THEY KNOW, who writes this great mystery set in their HOME state. Its all about connections . . . and having a book available. From that point on, I decided to keep books in the proverbial trunk of my car, only mine are in a dry cooler in the back of an SUV, so the sun doesnt cook them. One thing you learn once you publish a book . . . it needs to be with you at all times. Youre talking it up to everyone, so why shouldnt it be handy? When budgeting for your promotional efforts, whether traditionally or self-published, be prepared to sell or give away a good number of books at inopportune moments. Dont get caught empty-handed, because those precious moments of opportunity might not come back around. If youre an author, that means you write books, and the public takes it for granted you have one in your back pocket.

Personal and Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Personal and Professional Development - Essay Example According to Attwood, â€Å"The personal development plan generally involves the answering of a few questions or rather self examination by reevaluating to know where the person is at the moment, what their goals are, and the method that they are going to use to reach where they intend† (Attwood, 2006, 137). The report is bound to reveal how my personal development goals have been natured, the actions I have taken and their outcomes. There were a number of problems that I faced in the development of the plan. One of them was in the application of effective creative thinking for apposite solutions. So that my self assessment could have been best, I decided to use the people closest to me for their opinion. I did this by offering questionnaires to my family and acquaintances. This diagnostic method is the one that made me reach the conclusion that I have a difficulty in applying creative thinking in my endeavors and the manner of reaching appropriate solutions. With lack of the diagnostic method, I could not have recognized this hidden problem. This scrutiny of my strengths and weaknesses was very effectiveness in that it was effective in that it helped me understand myself further. After completing the questionnaire part, I moved on to complete the Johari Window. The Johari Window as explained by West is a â€Å"method that was used and is still used by scientists to help human beings understand their capabilities better and recognize their mental conditions by acknowledging different areas of the mind†.(West, 2010, 43). The results of this technique matched those of the questionnaires to a great margin as it recognized my weakness in the application of creative thinking and the solution of my problems. The last step that I took was the completion of a Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threat analysis (SWOT). â€Å"This SWOT analysis is very effective in establishing the development plan to an optimum manner† (Furnham, 2010, 183). The S WOT analysis just like the other two techniques that I had put into use revealed that I was weak when it comes to my creative. I was found to poorly relate with people when asked questions that required me to think to a larger extent. My strong point was noted to be the point where I have the general thinking ability. â€Å"This is relative as many human beings tend to bear greater general thinking ability than creative ability† (Sandler, 2009, 67). My Opportunities are well defined in that I can improve in my creative thinking category by paying more attention. My threat on the other hand is if my general thinking capacity exceeds my creative thinking one. My action plan for this problem involves the sieving of outside ideas. According to Attwood, â€Å"sieving of outside ideas is important to assist in the attainment of concentration which is the clear pathway to creative thinking† (Attwood, 2006, 167). Another common problem that I faced was the analysis ability of reports. The upside of this is that it was a problem that I had identified earlier in life and hence I was in the process of resolving it. I face the problem of explaining situations or rather any other matter that I intend to in another language. The action plan in this case involves the consistent study of a language to assist achieve offer a fluent language for effective communication. In the analysis of reports, the way to go bout this is to spend more time in the reading of journals and the analysis of

Love and marrage for normal people and gay &lesbian marrige Essay

Love and marrage for normal people and gay &lesbian marrige - Essay Example In your childhood, age all what you ask your parents for is love. A trophy for a little child is a kiss. In addition, when you get angry at children forgiveness for them is a huge. All that they understand is your emotions even if they cannot talk. They become very emotional as they grow up. When a child is three years old he or she become jealous, they want their parents to show this love only for them. At that time, the child is more emotional than any time before. Moreover, they get angry with you when you show love to their older or younger siblings. When Bell Hooks said† I talked to large audiences and even had wee one- on- one conversation with children about the way they think about love†(Yagelski, 256). She mentioned children because the angle they looked at love is concerned with care and trust. Considering children in love, is like defining love as pour emotions that start from youth until our hair is white. Love continuous in it is different stages as we go older. A teenager believes in love as a boyfriend or as a girlfriend. They have a different definition than the one that children had. However, some of them believe that love is all about sex. Moreover, they are confused between love and admiration. However, the presence of love still exists. Not to mention that in this age they become very emotional and sensitive. Teenagers feel that nobody understands them; they feel that the parent’s marriage atmosphere is not suitable for them. Some scientific theories say that they do not manage to control their emotions at this age. In fact, all that they think of in this age is seeking for love. The confusion that drives them to be emotional is due to the fact of building their selves. At this age, you realize what is your interest or what are your goals that you want to approach when you get older. As you become grown, and you get older, you recognize the real definition of love. You understand that love is an endless

Discuss the knowledge, skills and experiance you will need to manage Essay

Discuss the knowledge, skills and experiance you will need to manage contemporary health and social care services in the UK - Essay Example Defining the contemporary approaches which are used as well as how these develop into alternative needs within health care then create a stronger understanding of how management theories and styles create a direct relationship to other needs. The management theories and styles is the first concept which relates to the health care and policies that are intertwined with the various concepts of the system. There are a variety of styles which are portrayed and used for the development of a specific system. The first is the scientific methodology, introduced by Frederick Taylor. The approach which is taken with this is to develop a scientific and practical approach to the management styles to maintain and control the health care systems that are used. The scientific term is developed specifically with the ideology of favoring factual information over psychological information and knowledge that is used within society. The approaches as well as the policy development that is created is then based on creating factual information related to what is needed within the health care systems and not creating alternative responses or styles which may interfere with the expectations from a scientific viewpoint. The nature of this policy development is able to mainstream policies without interference with the complications which sometimes occur with health, specifically in terms of psychological and personal relationships that may be developed (Simpson, Connor, 2011: 25). The second way in which management is developed within health care is developed by Weber and is based on bureaucratic development with the policies. The initiation which is taken with bureaucratic policies is based on finding the legal and governmental approaches to the management styles. Decision making, policies and daily needs within health care are available specifically through the ideology of the political system. This is created with terms of

Being a Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Being a Leader - Essay Example Crumb defines effective leadership to refer to the type of leadership which caters for the needs of each and every individual worker or employee serving the organization in all capacities from the lowest rank to the highest rank (Crumb, 2005). This type of leadership he says is that which listens to the voice of every member of the organization and ensures that all their grievances are taken into consideration and addressed effectively to their satisfaction. The effective leader himself must be he who is able to listen keenly to the points raised by various members of the organization in order to ensure that their objectives are achieved in accordance with the goals of the organization. Like any other organizations around the world, the leadership of the Mobitech Company is aiming at achieving the best she can in satisfying the needs of her prospective customers in the ever changing world with regard to the technological demands of the world. The Mobitech Company is among the many co mpanies around the world which deals with the provision of mobile phone services to her wide range of customers around the globe. I am the chief executive officer of the company and aims at driving the company far to help in achieving her numerous goals and objectives. This paper will look at the various ways through which the company management tries to achieve her objectives in an era of massive technological demands. Creating the Environment As we all know, the whole world is currently geared towards the use of technology in a myriad of areas of application. Technology as we have realized helps in numerous ways with regard to offering the solution for a wide range of issues. Technological applications have improved the lives of many people around the globe and eased the way certain activities are done and carried out (Dar, 2010). In the present times, technology has come into play in almost every sector of the economy and thus is one of the many products that are in very high dem and among all people around the globe. Almost everyone in the world today owns or finds it necessary to possess a phone or just communicate to the other person through the phone. The use of mobile phones in communication has enabled many people to be able to communicate with various persons across the world irrespective of their present location on the earth’s surface. People can communicate with each other across the divide by simply pressing the phone buttons to connect to their fellows in different parts of the world. Indeed, this mode of communication has been made realistic in such a way that people may seem to be far away from each other as regards the distance between them yet to close with regard to the ease with which they can reach and communicate with each other. Besides, information is what makes a society moving and registering success in her numerous areas of work. The exchange of information and ideas between various groups of people is the sole determining fac tor for the economic development of a society, state or country and is therefore a necessity in everyday life. We are very aware of this as Mobitech Company and aims at bridging the gap between different people located anywhere on the earth’s surface so that the exchange of information between them is made more effective and efficient to ensure that their goals and objectives are achieved. Having fully and clearly

OPM300 - Intro. to Operations Mgmt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OPM300 - Intro. to Operations Mgmt - Essay Example From here the products move into the maturity stages and finally into the decline stage. Hence the product life cycle fits in the Regal products perfectly and each product that the company produced goes through the product lifecycle before declining and exiting the markets. It is important for Regal to identify the stages where each of its products is so that it can develop new products in a planned manner.  In order to remain competitive Regal produces all boats in four stages, i.e. introduction, deign conceptualisation and once the design is conceptualised, then it tends to be more easier to put the design through the CAD models as well. The next stage includes the introduction of the product into the market. Here due to the innovations and the constant corrections and improvements, the products of the company grow well and fast in the markets and also helps in keeping a constant mix of new designs within the markets. This then leads to the maturity stage of the life cycle. The c urrent strategy adopted by Regal is the product differentiation. Here the company keeps developing innovative products to meet its competition and to also provide better and higher value to the customers. For example it developed a 3-passenger Rush a boat priced at $11,000 that could pull a water skier.

Ethical Standards for Behavior in International Negotiations Essay

Ethical Standards for Behavior in International Negotiations - Essay Example The country is adopting and improving its business environment for making its international negotiation process more efficient. The country has no quotas, foreign exchange controls and trade barriers regarding international negotiation. UAE conducts the business around the world. For this reason, the country follows the wide framework of foreign policies. UAE is very much concerned about its commitments. It is one of the important ethical principles of this country. The country tries to maintain peace and stability in its international negotiations (Hooper and Newlands, 2012). The country builds a good relationship with foreign companies and countries for establishing effective negotiation policies. UAE emphasizes on tolerance, modernization while doing international negotiation. The country respects people of different places and religions for developing good relations with other countries. The government of UAE tries to maintain the balance between international environment and com munity. Some government-affiliated bodies contribute a lot to developing a good international environment which will facilitate the negotiation process. The rules and regulations of UAE are developed in such a way which helps the people in becoming a good global citizen. In international negotiation, the people of UAE focus more on words. The country puts a huge effort into following the words said in the negotiation process (Soriano, 2014). The people of UAE directly discuss the topic on which they are holding the meeting of business negotiation. They make sure that some strong benefits are obtained by international negotiation. While negotiating with foreign companies and countries the people of UAE do not get distracted from the objectives of the negotiation. They maintain a specific standard for doing international negotiation. Trust and sincerity are considered as most important factors for doing international negotiation.

OPM300 - Intro. to Operations Mgmt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OPM300 - Intro. to Operations Mgmt - Essay Example From here the products move into the maturity stages and finally into the decline stage. Hence the product life cycle fits in the Regal products perfectly and each product that the company produced goes through the product lifecycle before declining and exiting the markets. It is important for Regal to identify the stages where each of its products is so that it can develop new products in a planned manner.  In order to remain competitive Regal produces all boats in four stages, i.e. introduction, deign conceptualisation and once the design is conceptualised, then it tends to be more easier to put the design through the CAD models as well. The next stage includes the introduction of the product into the market. Here due to the innovations and the constant corrections and improvements, the products of the company grow well and fast in the markets and also helps in keeping a constant mix of new designs within the markets. This then leads to the maturity stage of the life cycle. The c urrent strategy adopted by Regal is the product differentiation. Here the company keeps developing innovative products to meet its competition and to also provide better and higher value to the customers. For example it developed a 3-passenger Rush a boat priced at $11,000 that could pull a water skier.

Marketing of services (research on O2, a telecommunications provider Essay

Marketing of services (research on O2, a telecommunications provider in United Kingdom) - Essay Example This commercial sub-brand of the Telefonica UK Limited till date has attained a total customer size of about 23 million. Adding to that, as per the ranking of Ofcom, which is an UK based industry, involved in the regulation and competitiveness measuring of various telecommunication industries, O2 has attained the highest ranking in context to customer satisfaction levels. This commercial sub-brand provides 2G, 3G and 4G network services all across UK. Apart from these, O2 also provides Wi-Fi services. It also owns nearly half of the shares of the Tesco Mobile Limited which is another network operator operating within the UK markets (Telefonica UK Limited, 2014). The main focus objective of this discussion is to effectively evaluate this commercial sub-brand (O2) and provides answers to the following provided questions which have been described in the discussion part of the report. Subsequently, conclusion and recommendation will also be provided accordingly in the later parts of this essay. As can be predicted, the main process for a telecommunication company is all about providing high quality communication and online data services to its customers. However apart from just the service provision activities, other services such as effective customer complaint handling, identification of the needs of the customers and fulfilling them accordingly and effective handling of all the organizational processes also falls under the process part of the extended marketing mix (O2online, 2009). The same goes for this UK based Telecommunication Company (Continuum Learning Pte Ltd, 2010). Moreover, as can be understood from this company’s insights that it provides utmost importance towards delivering high quality of communication service to its customers. Adding to that, the company also believes in context to establishing long term relationships with its customers through bringing about improvisation within their customer

Development of Right to Privacy in UK Law

Development of Right to Privacy in UK Law ‘Critically evaluate how privacy is protected and what extent a right to privacy has been developed in English law.’ The law of privacy remains a fast moving and chaotic area of law, where newspapers and Courts have something new to say almost on a weekly basis[1]. However, at present there is no single comprehensive tort of privacy in statute law in the United Kingdom, the House of Lords confirmed this view in the Wainwright v Home Office[2]. Yet, even with no protected rights to privacy enshrined in domestic law, people have now never been in a better situation to protect their privacy. This essay will therefore attempt to evaluate the evidential paradox England has in relation to how individuals are protected. In order to answer the initial question of how privacy is protected, this essay will firstly address the significance of the pre-existing torts and implementation of Human Rights Act (HRA) being the â€Å"catalyst for legal change†[3]. Whilst in conjunction examining the relevant case laws which have been at the forefront of these claims. Secondly, in order to answer the latter part of the question this analysis will explore the allegations of an infringement of personal privacy that have emerged from the Campbell ruling. Lastly, it will then conclude by summarising the points made within this evaluation and a proposal into the future of the law. First off, in order to consider the extent to which privacy is protected it is important to examine the values that underpin this somewhat vague concept. Privacy by its nature consists of many differing paradigms, which vary wildly between context and environment; it is therefore difficult to rely on a single interpretation. This was emphasised by the Calcutt Committee in 1990 with the Report of the Committee on Privacy and Related Matters who concluded that they couldn’t find â€Å"a wholly satisfactory statutory definition of privacy†[4]. The climate of uncertainty can be related to the fact that even within the 21st century; the legal definition of privacy remains in its infancy, still deriving from the 19th century Judge Cooley â€Å"the right to be let alone†[5]. What then makes Privacy law such a problematic area for journalists is the fact that journalists work to publish what is considered in the public interest, which are both eager to sell and hungry to devour any salacious information about celebrities. Nevertheless what newspaper proprietors and the public want are not considered a legitimate test[6]. Thus, creating a tense relationship between interests of privacy and interest of freedom of expression. Because there is no privacy law journalists must work within other laws which provide privacy. For the purpose of a chronological analysis into English law, the starting point concerning the debate between privacy and freedom of expression for journalists involves the era pre HRA. A pivotal case which emerged from this period was the Kaye V Robertson[7] when the actor Gordon Kaye was ‘interviewed’ and photographed by a journalist whilst he was heavily sedated and recovering from brain surgery. He was granted a legal case under malicious falsehood, even though Lord Justice Bingham acknowledged it was a â€Å"monstrous invasion of privacy†[8]. The laws of trespass and nuisance provided a slight protection against physical intrusions by the media when Kaye obtained a partial injunction; however, it evidently failed to provide protection against the publication of private facts when they have been obtained by other means. So prior to the enactment of HRA, the potential remedies available to an individual to media intrusions were severely limited and the breach of confidence was often the most useful remedy for protecting information. Recognising the problematic void within the law the British judiciary attempted to bridge the gap by adapting a pre-existing tort into a general right to privacy. Therefore breach of confidence has undergone some significant developments, extending the types of confidential information into a relevant stepping stone to decide privacy cases. Traditionally, this tort was developed in 19th century in common law to protect secrets to Albert v Strange[9], not specifically designed to protect privacy. However, Later cases including Coco v A. N. ClarkCoco v A. N. Clark Coco v A. N. Clark Coco v A. N. Clark [10] and the Spy catcher case[11] could be argued to have narrowed the area of the law down which lay the parameters for the Megarry test. This test extended privacy to where there is no relationship between the parties and that the information will likely to have damaging consequences if published. Taking the Francome v Mirror Group Newspapers[12] as an example; the defendant was able to claim damages when a journalist acquired private information by tapping the telephone of John Francome. So whilst breach of confidence no longer requires a pre-existing relationship. It can now make it entirely possible for it to become a move towards protecting privacy, as opposed to primarily protecting Confidence. Which was further emphasised in Douglas v. Hello!, Ltd[13] where actors Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones won an injunction against a tabloid magazine for publishing covertly taking photos of their wedding when the rights had already been sold to its rival. Dispending that the requirement of a relationship of confidence as Hello! were not never a party to the relationship. The crucial stage of privacy law lies with the implementation of the HRA which came into effect in October, 2000. It became clear early on that this development would be responsible for developing a legal concept of privacy beyond the law of confidentiality[14]. As whilst Breach of confidence faces us with a simple balancing exercise between how information is collected, when we turn to the HRA, we’re faced with something more complex. As in accordance with Section.1 of the HRA it contains the rights and fundamental freedoms set out in Article.8 everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life[15]. Yet, Article.10 asserts everyone has the right to freedom of expression[16] and these rights set out in both Articles are both qualified and neither article has precedence over the other blurring the line between what can be reported on. The leading case to come before the English courts post HRA was the Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd[17]. This case was concerned with two articles that were published by the Mirror on Naomi Campbell’s drug addiction and treatment. The news articles were accompanied with a covertly obtained photograph of the claimant leaving Narcotics Anonymous. The Mirror Group asserted that they should not be liable as the information published was in the public interest, since Campbell had deceived the public in regards to her drug addiction. What remains pivotal about this case is that the majority did rely upon the HRA in its decision. Furthermore, the discussions surrounding confidence laid the foundation for a new tort, which has come to be known by the name given to it by Lord Nicholls: â€Å"misuse of private information†[18]. Stating that ‘the description of information as ‘confidential’ is not altogether comfortable, information on an individualâ€⠄¢s private life would not, be called ‘confidential’. The more natural description is that such information is private and is better encapsulated now as misuse of private information[19]. By contrast, the misuse of private information is directly aligned to the protection of private information which is governed by the Data Protection Act 1998 providing regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information[20]. Meaning the claimant only needs to establish a reasonable exception to privacy with the information in question. This is a clear juxtaposition to pre HRA as the balancing act is tipping in favour of Article 8. For instance, when John Terry[21] applied for an injunction to restrain a publication of details about his extra marital affairs, the person possessing the information is referred to as ‘persons unknown’. Although, the judge did not uphold the injunction, he firmly established that if there was a real risk that intrusive details about Mr Terry’s relationship in the article, he would have ordered that publication be prohibited. The development of this breach is therefore the underlying foundations to a kind of tort of privacy. The media were therefore undoubtedly concerned about results of these cases calling for a comprehensive legislation which the media have always adamantly discouraged. As suggesting tougher sanctions on what is considered private could potentially ‘gag’ them from any form of investigative journalism in fear of legal letters over any individual who claims they have had their privacy invaded. This claim can be related to The Bureau of Investigative Journalismwho published a story about two Staffordshire NHS surgeons, Mr Hutchinson and Mr Ravikumar. These surgeons had been criticised over deaths at then Britains worst hospital and yet did still carrying out operations without patients knowing about their record. The paper that was running the story backed off running the piece due to a legal letter from the lawyers claiming the information was plainly private information[22]. Clearly, this valuable investigation should be able to be published without fear of prejudice, as ef fectively the only thing that is being hindered is the truth[23]. It seems the evolution of the judge-made law of misuse of private information has allowed less known individuals, children[24] and vulnerable adults (under the mental health act) to be protected against privacy infringements by the media. Yet, it also seems this area of law has become disproportionately swamped by vanity driven celebrities complaining about photos taken by paparazzi’s[25]. There is no disregarding the significance of the Campbell case as it has established several important precedents, but what it seems that injunctions have become only the rich and powerful are able to fend off the media. These gagging orders have stopped newspapers reporting allegations of everything from extramarital affairs to legal disputes. Premiership footballers, actors, television personalities, bankers and celebrity chefs are among those who have successfully used the courts to stop such disclosures entering the public domain[26]. So where does this leave article 10 of the HRA in rel ation to the balancing act? Because as stated earlier in this analysis neither articles have precedent over each other. Yet, these gagging orders which have become a common phenomenon is highlighting that something is failing. Take McKennitt v Ash[27] when the court ruled someones right to protect their private life outweighs someone elses freedom to tell their story it cast shadow over the media industry. So following the historic 3:2 decision in the Lords, it should now be addressed of where do we go from here? Despite some feeling that the Wainwright and Campbell case could signal a completion of the development of a new remedy in English private law. It seems that these cases have merely become a staging post on route to the evolution of a fully-fledged tort[28]. However, a A symbolic case that demonstrates the delicate balance between the right to privacy and the freedom of expression post implementation of the misuse of private information lies with the Max Mosley case[29]. This case was brought to the courts attention on the 30, March 2008 when the News of the World published an article titled â€Å"F1 Boss Has a Sick Nazi Orgy with Hookers†[30], also making reference to Mosley being a sadomasochist Sex Pervert[31]. This judgment further tipped the balance in the favour of greater privacy where there was no public interest. As clearly this article was not in the public in terest as it did not affect the job and revealing immoral behaviour is not a legitimate public interest because it does not expose illegal wrong doings. Mosley won his privacy claim and award  £60,000, although Eady J in the Mosley case stated: â€Å"It has to be recognised that no amount of damages can fully compensate the claimant for the damage done. He is hardly exaggerating when he says that his life is ruined†[32]. It could be argued that the convention is therefore intended to guarantee rights that are practical and effective so injunctions against potential life changing stories are better to be blocked than to have a remedy of a substantial pay-out. In respect to the Campbell and Mosley decision it is clear that most media organisations and lawyers will agree that privacy is now based upon a case to case basis, which must be applied through confidentiality and the Human Rights Act. Whilst the verdict came as a damaging blow to media organisations, they can take solace in the statements from the dissenting judges for example Lord Nicholls and Hoffman expressed; â€Å"from a journalistic point of view, photographs are an essential part of the story. The picture carried the message, more strongly than anything in the text alone†¦in my opinion†¦should be allowed†[33]. Some however have vented their frustration that this development of a backdoor law is â€Å"driven by a deep loathing of the popular press, the judges have long been itching to bring in a privacy law by the back door. Thus free speech is to be made conditional on the prejudices of the judiciary†[34]. The reporting on private matters only became harder when the media’s reputation went into free fall during the Leveson inquiry of 2011, following the revelation that mainstream newspaper organisations had been tapping into phones of officials, celebrities and even the deceased in order to generate content. This subsequent down fall of the media brought from the ashes a new regulatory body which itself is responsible for the protection of privacy. This Royal Charter which was proposed appears on the face of things baring similar characteristics to the press complaints commission. Yet, there are some distinctive differences. Unlike the PCC the body will be an independent from both the judiciary and the press meaning it should allow a balanced decision. Furthermore an independent regulatory body that has the power to impose heavy sanctions (capped at  £1 million) will initiate the first step of weighting right to privacy over the freedom of the press. Furthermore, this leads onto the quintessential debate of who should be developing this law? Has Parliament failed to address this issue? Mr Justice Lindsay stated in the Zeta Jones case, â€Å"Parliament has failed so far to grasp the nettle†¦if Parliament doesn’t act soon the less satisfactory course of the Courts creating a law bit by bit†[35]. However, the HRA is not the only tort which has been passed through the Houses that deals with the issue of privacy. There are a number of overlapping Acts which address this issue. For example, the theSexual Offences Act add a criminal offence to the act of voyeurism, and, theProtection from Harassment Act creates both criminal sanctions and civil remedies against harassment, to which all have been employed in the decisions made by judges. So even though David Cameron has expressed his concern and ‘unease’ about judges formulating a law. It is difficult to suggest that even though Parliament has not legislat ed on privacy issues, reviewing the evidence it would be extremely difficult to draft a new or improve our existing laws. Without moving too far away from the restraints being held over the UK for being a member of the European Union. In conclusion, the liberty of the press is indeed an essential cornerstone of a free state; and to forbid this, is to destroy democracy[36]. However, Lord Denning accepted that even though this remains an absolute right it is still subject to limitations stating â€Å"the press shouldn’t be free to ruin a reputation, break confidence or to pollute the course of justice†[37]. To a large degree most if not all journalists and judges would accept this statement as ethically factual. So after examining the evolving tort throughout this essay with the various debates which have been highlighted by both journalists and the judiciary it is clear that some progress has been made as the ‘position for victims of shameful intrusions †¦ is better now than it ever was in the past’[38]. Appeals such as Wainwright v Home Office[39] and Mosley v News Group Newspapers Ltd[40] emphasise that over the past twenty three years something fundamental has happened into how we re protected. The induction of a HRA has ultimately been the spring board that has helped develop the law of privacy that protects us today. Even though there have of course been improvements made there still remains a significant way to go in regards to privacy in English law. For instance, there still contains many inconsistencies into how article 8 is applied to cases on such a broad scale this includes the recent judgment on ZH v The Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis[41] as at trial, Sir Robert Nelson held the police liable in tort assault, battery, and false imprisonment and trespasses to the person. The judge also identified the police as having breached the HRA; inhuman and degrading treatment (article.3); deprivation of liberty (article.5); and privacy (artcle.8). Which given the past history of cases would have been dismissed by some English law judges. Finally, what this essay finds is that for every wrong there is a remedy. Trespass, Nuisance Defamation, malicious falsehood, Breach of confidence, Protection from Harassment and Data Protection Act 1998 so whilst there are piecemeal protections, why do judges or parliament need to make a grand step?[42] [1] Hertfordshire law Journal 2(2), 30 [2] [2003] UKHL 53 [3] Harris, O‘Boyle and Warbrick, 2009, p 31 [4] Report of the Committee on Privacy and Related Matters, London: HMSO, at 7. [5] Cooley on Torts, 2nd ed (1888), p29 [6] [7] [8] Court of Appeal Kaye v Robertson and Sports Newspapers Ltd[1991] FSR 62 [9] Prince Albert –v- Strange : [1849] 1 HT 1 [10] Coco –v- A N Clark (Engineers) Limited : 1969 [RPC 41,47] [11] Attorney General –v- Guardian Newspapers [1999] 1AC 109 [12] [1984] 1 WLR 892 [13] Douglas and Zeta Jones Ors –v- Hello : [2001] QB 967, 997 CA Sedley LJ [14] Hertfordshire law Journal 2(2), 30-40 [15] [16] [17] Naomi Campbell –v-MGN Limited: [2004] UKHL 22 [18] Ibid [2004] UKHL 22 [19] Ibid [2004] UKHL 22 [20] Plymouth Law and Criminal Justice Review (2014) p182 [21] John Terry(previously LNS) vPersons Unknown[2010] EWHC 119 [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] British Steel Corporation v Granada Television Ltd [1981] AC 1096. [37] Ibid AC 1096 [38] [39] [40] [41] [42]

The Club Culture Essay -- Hip Hop Dancing Cultural Essays

The Club Culture The club culture-hundreds of thousands of young people across the country, covered in sweat and rhythmically throbbing to a beat- has long been filled with stigmas and stereotypes; the idea that hip-hop music is only for people of African descent, or solely for the "impoverished youth" as Dale Kleinschmidt, an ex-DJ and amateur break dancer from Dallas, puts it, has been a common view associated with the hip-hop scene by the masses. Dale got interested in break dancing because, as he says, "he wanted to look cool." In the beginning, the idea of being able to break dance was funny to him- he had already been involved in the dance scene, but he had never been a b-boy, he just DJed. A lot of Dale's interest in the dance aspect of the clubs came from his DJing experiences. Dale really started dancing when he met up with a group of Hispanic kids- that he had known from the scene already- and discovered that they had formed a break dancing crew. They decided to take Dale "under their wings." The fact that the Hispanic kids were the ones dancing, and that they were so accepting of Dale- a middle-upper class white kid- says a lot about the falseness of the racial stereotypes involved in the scene. "& it's a very embracing culture," says Dale, "which a lot of people find surprising, but if you go out there no one's gonna give you crap for trying& " According to Dale, the only people that the club kids typically dislike are the ones that detach themselves from the scene. "& say you go to a club and just sit in the back corner, or you just try to hit on girls, that's fine, but the break dancers are probably just gonna look down on you& " The thought that a person should interact in any of what Dale calls "the fou... ...petitive nature of the scene-but the fact remains that the break dance circles seem to be filled with masculine face. Despite the stereotypes I have heard about the hip-hop culture, and the apparently male-dominated scene, after my interview with Dale I would have to dispel those accusations. Of course there will be "purists" as Dale said, and people who believe that they deserve more respect because they have been involved in the scene longer, but in the bigger view, the dance culture seems to be one of the most accepting scenes that exists. If you have a genuine interest in the culture, as in anything, there is no reason that you shouldn't attempt to take part in it. The scene from the beginning was a do-it-yourself scene, and in break dancing there are no rules. Get out there and do what you want- if you honestly respect the scene you should have no problems.

American Prohibition :: essays research papers fc

Prohibition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On midnight of January 16, 1920, one of the started around the turn of the century, when many people got the idea that most of what was wrong with America was caused by boozepersonal habits and customs of most Americans came to a sudden halt. It . They saw prohibition as the silver hammer that would decimate all of their alky-related woes. Instead, it turned out to be the lodestone that lead America into thirteen years of chaos. The eighteenth amendment was ineffective because it was unenforceable, it caused an explosive growth in crime, and it increased the amount of alcohol consumption.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Eighteenth Amendment was put into effect to prohibit the manufacture, sale and transportation of all intoxicating liquors. Shortly afterward, the Volstead Act, named for author Andrew J. Volstead, was put into effect. This complimentary law determined intoxicating liquor as anything having an alcohol content of more than 0.5 percent, omitting alcohol used for medicinal and sacramental purposes; this act set up guidelines for enforcement as well (Altman 15). Prohibition was meant to reduce the consumption of alcohol, and thereby reduce crime, poverty, death rates, and improve the economy and general quality of life. This, however, was undoubtedly to no avail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the Volstead Act was put into place to determine precise laws and methods of enforcement, the Federal Prohibition Bureau was developed in order to see that the Volstead Act was enforced. Nevertheless, these laws were frequently violated by bootleggers and commoners alike. Bootleggers smuggled liquor from overseas and Canada, stole it from government warehouses, and produced their own. Many people hid their liquor in hip flasks, false books, hollow canes, and anything else they could find. (Bowen 159). There were also illegal speakeasies which replaced saloons soon after the start of prohibition. By 1925, there were over 100,000 speakeasies in New York City alone (Bowen 160). As good as the ideal sounded, prohibition was far easier to proclaim than to enforce. With only 1,550 federal agents and over 18,700 miles of extensive coastline, it was quite impossible to prevent large quantities of liquor from entering the country (Bowen 166). Barely five percent of s muggled liquor was hindered from coming into the country through the 1920s. Additionally, the illegal liquor industry was under the control of organized gangs, which subdued most authorities. Many bootleggers shielded their business by bribing the authorities, namely federal agents and persons of high political status (Bowen 160).