Building and Maintaining a Putting Green Essay -- turf glass, USGA gre

There are many steps involved in building and maintaining a putting green. The first step that the Superintendent and Golf Professional staff needs to understand is that research and studying their options is the most important part to building a successful golf course and putting green. Without research for the grass and soil, diseases would run rampant, courses would be using dated technology, the grass would not be as easy to maintain, and costumer satisfaction would decrease causing a decrease in revenue. The facility could even choose the wrong grass if they didn’t pay close attention to their soil quality, known local diseases, and temperature zone. The facility needs to research which method of green they would like to build and how much it is going to cost. For example a lower end municipal course might chose to make push-up green which doesn’t guarantee the longevity of the grasses survival, but it is within their budget and suits their needs just fine. A five star resort will want to build a USGA green that costs more, but certifies the survival of the greens. A facility will be aware of the amount of research needed to build a green from scratch but once they build the green, research will still need to be taking place in order to help the greens survive. Research needs to be continuously taking place in order to provide the cheapest, safest, and best quality playing surfaces. People pay for the visual and performance quality of the grass, the turf and golf staff need to be constantly ask how can we improve the conditions in order to provide the ideal image that the player is expecting. Research consists of the daily practices all the way to conducting a funded study on different cultivars or the watering needs of the f... ...cations to allow the other areas of the green to heal and to prevent too much wear and tear to one area of the green. Golf courses should consider everything from the location of the green, people traffic, soil, top gravel and draining areas before starting the construction process. Works Cited Gains, T. 1987. Putting Green Topoil Mixtures that Meet USGA Specifications. Carolinas Newsletter. Green Section Staff & Moore, James. Building the USGA Green: Tips For Success. United States Golf Association. 1-32. Moore, James. May 2004. Building and Maintaining the Truly Affordable Golf Course. United States Golf Association. Murphy, James. June 2007. Rootzone Amendments for Putting Green Construction. United States Golf Association. 1-7. United States Golf Association. 2004. Turf Management FAQs. United States Golf Association. 1-3.

Mark Twain Case Essay

Mark Twain was an extremely productive author in his lifetime.   He wrote many famous books, articles and stories.   He was also a world traveler.   He visited five continents and crossed the Atlantic Ocean 29 times.   In general, he is notarized for his fiction works.   However, he also composed many successful non-fiction manuscripts as well. Many of Twain’s non-fiction works were written on his travels.   In his travels to the Old City, Twain took photographs to correspond with his written work.   He described the Old City, highlighting the methods and manners in which the Jewish people of the city worshipped and interacted with one another.   While doing this, he provided names to many of the places that he visited.   Many of these names have stuck, and have become the common names of landmarks (Journey to the Holy City, 2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most readers are already familiar with the broad brushstrokes of Mark Twain’s life.   Many interviews, however, were conducted in order to present a totally new facet of the Twain story, unfictionalized and in fascinating detail. These interviews appeared in a great diversity of American and international newspapers during the long course of his creative adult life (Nash).   The interviews provide information to the volumes and volumes of Twain’s imaginative and satirical capabilities.   Most famous of the non-fiction works written by Twain is his adult biography.   The biography tells the compelling story, from his own perspective, of life and the inspirations behind his works. Countless books have been written about Twain’s life.   One book, written by Ron Powers, has been hailed by critics as serving as a â€Å"biography but much more†¦Powers uses Twain’s life to tell us what America was like then and, tangentially, why we’re what we are today† (Spiegel, 2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Twain’s world travels began in 1867, when a California newspaper sent him on a five-month trip to Europe and the Middle East.   There, he wrote many letters that were later put together to form the book The Innocents Abroad (Twain’s Travels, 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mark Twain is considered to be one of the world’s greatest humorists.   His witty phrases and observations filled the pages of his non fiction works (WordPlay, 1).   Twain was also one of the first persons in his town in Hartford, Connecticut to have a telephone.   An example of his humorous use of satire to describe a situation occurred in 1880.  Ã‚   Twain was amused by his new device, as it enabled persons who enjoyed eavesdropping to hear only one side of a conversation.   As a result, he wrote an amusing description of listening to his wife talk on the telephone (Twain, 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Twain composed many of his non-fiction works under his pen name.   His legal name was Samuel Clemens.   While often engaged in travel, Twain spent over 17 years at his beloved Hartford home.   While living there, he published six books.   These include: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, A Tramp Abroad, The Prince and the Pauper, Life on the Mississippi, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (Allen).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literature critics have paid significant attention to Twain’s twang in his nonfiction writings, stating that â€Å"he pours forth a flood of most graphic word painting. He talks slowly and extracts each of his vowels with a corkscrew twist that would make even the announcement of a funeral sound like a joke† (Mark’s Twang, 1). Critics have also spent significant amounts of time dissecting Twain’s life as well as books written about his life.   In an article by Middlekauff, the author describes Twain as an inspiration to biographers, historians and literary critics alike.   Middlekauff elaborates on this by concluding, â€Å"Mark Twain, in all of his fascination, will never exhaust the interest of his readers† (1).   It seems as though Middlekauff hit it right on. In the past decade, in particular, Twain’s name has been used publicly to highlight achievement.   Schools have been named after him.   Additionally, many literary awards have been named after the famous author.   For example, in 2006, playwright Neil Simon was presented with the Ninth Annual Mark Twain Prize for American Humor (Awards and Prizes, 1). Works Cited Allen, Daniel.   Mark Twain.   Yankee.   November 2006.   Vol 70(9).   1 pg. Awards and Prizes.   American Theatre.   September 2006.   Vol 23(7).   1 pg. Journey to the Holy City in the Footsteps of Mark Twain.   PSA Journal.   October 2006. Volume 72(10).   2 pg. Mark’s Twang.   Harper’s Magazine.   September 2006.   Vol 313(1876).   1 pg. Middlekauff, Robert.   Mark Twain: A Life.   Journal of American History.   September Vol 93(2). 1 pg. Nash, Charles.   Mark Twain: The Complete Interviews.   Library Journal.   October 1, Vol. 131(16). 2 pg. Spiegel, Pamela.   Leaders as Readers.   American Libraries.   May 2006.   Vol 37(5), 4 pg. Twain, Mark.   A Telephonic Conversation.   Atlantic.   September 2006.   Vol 298(2).   1 pg. Twain’s Travels: Letters from home; from France, Morocco, Egypt and Russia.   Read. November 3, 2006.   Vol 56(6).   2 pg. Wordplay.   Read.   November 3, 2006.   Vol 56(6).   1 pg.

Most Appropriate Procurement Method For University Of Salford - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3521 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Introduction The University of Salford is a leading UK university close to the city centre. They aim to become the very best UK universities and recognized internationally by 2017. A strategic plan has been developed. To response to achieve the strategic plan, the School of the build environment is to deliver its core course provision within a prestigious bespoke facility and expand its role to include architecture. A new state of the art development is proposed on the existing campus which will replace an older building which has become available. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Most Appropriate Procurement Method For University Of Salford" essay for you Create order I have been appointed as a main consultant to the client and required to advise the client on the most appropriate procurement method. The proposed site will require demolition of existing structures and the new facility will contain State of the art lectures theatres Meeting rooms Extensive classroom and studio facilities Office accommodation Laboratory accommodation Learning resources units External works In the University policy on sustainability, the client needs the building to be carbon neutral. In addition, the university facility should make a clear architectural statement and must be constructed to the highest aesthetic and qualities standard. The budget to cover the total development cost, inclusive of construction works, statutory and professional fees approximately  £20 million. The completion is critical, as the building requires handover by 1 august 2012 at the very latest, to accommodate the new academic year. 2.0 Procurement The process of the procurement is acquiring goods and services, covering both acquisition from third parties and form in-house providers. The process span the whole life cycle from the identification of needs, to the end of a services contract or the end of the useful life of an asset. If they didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any recognize, they will be not allow to follow the next step. Once they have been recognized, it is important to succeed the information of what will lead to satisfaction. From there, it is a matter of determining what features are preferred, as well as determining an approximate amount of money that the consumer is willing to pay. If they can provide the following requirement, they can involve the evaluation of potential suppliers. The evaluation suppliers will involve knowing more about the seller who can supply goods or services which can meet their requirement. This may involve negotiating prices or accepting proposals. Once the final decision is made between the two remaining suppliers, they can involve the final process. The final procurement process involves taking control of the good or service, ensuring the item is in agreement with all the claims which prepared by the supplier. There has been change in procurement such as; Government intervention The PFI(Private Finance Initiative) projects have been increase and expand the PFI policy. Technology The client need responsibility The influence of developments in education and training from research studies into contracting methods 3.0 Procurement strategy Contract strategy The contract strategy is to promote effective procurement across the whole organization. In this method, it is necessary to match the need of the client with the most suitable, to enable this, the client objective and the operation and relative attributes of the available procurement and method of appointment, is required. Project Size The Small project is not suitable on detailed form of contractual arrangement. That means, some of the procedures will unlikely to be cost effective, Open tendering or design and build most will be suitable for small project. Client type Clients who carry out the construction work are much better to be informed on their development their own preference and will not require building occasionally. In this result, the quantity surveying need to give some advice to the client the adoption and appropriate methods. The client with experienced have a working strategy of the construction industry, so the client can contribute to the process throughout. The client without knowledge will need quantity surveyor advise and they canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t contribute in the construction process. 4.0 Client Procurement needs The three main factors that need to be considered in the most suitable procurement system is the cost, time and quality which reflects each in either way. 4.1 Time The time completion or the project duration is seen as a major criterion of project success by the clients, contractors and consultant, most client likely to have an early building completion or on time, and that concerted management effort will help to control the cost and quality. it also very important to decide the true need since attempt to meet the objective is expected to have consequences on other requirement.(Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) 4.2 Cost Cost is the most important under client procurement need, Client have been increasingly concerned with the overall profitability and the accountability of project. the factors to be considered for the cost are the price negotiations, fixed price arrangements, price certainty, price forecasting, contract sum, payment and cash flows, life cycle cost, variations and final cost ,Client also need cost if the project get delays, they are some project with unusually short project period tend to incur some form of cost penalty. The introduction of conditions to the client, or the imposition of higher standard of workmanship than normal, will also push up costs. The cost are certainly is required prior to commitment to project completion or construction. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) 4.3 Quality The quality for the client defined as one of the components that contributes to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ value for moneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, the quality is influenced by several factors such as the briefing process; the suitability of materials and the quality control procedures that are in place during both design and construction. they have 3 way quality mananagement must be achieved, they are integration of the project team so they have a objective and a common culture, A customer focus for the team thereby facilating the provision of products and services and a process of improvement in the management of the construction project. If they can achieve the 3 successfully quality management, the project will begin to realize significant and improvement in the attainment of the clients à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"objectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (allan ashworth keith hogg,2007) 5.0 Partnering Partnering define as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a management approach used by 2 or more organizations to achieve specific business objective by maximize the effectiveness of each participants resources. The approve is based on mutual objectives, an agreed method of problem resolution and an active search for continuous measurable improvementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? They have three main components according to the definition above; they are mutual objectives, agreed method of problem resolution, active search for continuous and measurable improvement. Partnering is a form of collaborative working between the client and contractor, partnering is characterized by a greater degree of openness, teamwork, trust and sharing information. The aims of partnering arrangements are often expressed in terms of business outcomes rather than specific outputs or improvement; the partnering success will depend on the people and relationship aspects. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) The process of partnering When the client and contractor agree to partnering each other, the procedures of partnering will involve a selection procedure, initial partnering workshop and a project review. The client and contractor can be partner is because they can trust each other and committed to the arrangement is fundamental to the process. The client and the contractor allow using traditional procurement in the initial selection stages. During this project implementation, the performance will be regularly reviewed. This will include all important project matters including quality finance, programmed, problem resolution and safely. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) Project partnering Decision stage- The project team which involves in the partnering process is essential, once all of the parties have made the decision in the partnering process, they can go forward to the establishment of working stage. Establishment of working practices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" In this stage, all the project teams have to identify the mutual objective and have to solve the problem during the duration of the project. Later, all the project team have to involved in the partnering process when the decision has been made, they will determine how the project team will implement the project together and to improve relationship. The final task will consist of formulate a partnering chapter, a document with no legal standing, once all the parties have signed the document, it is exhibited in the office of all the participating organizations and they can go forward to the implementing partnering practices stage. Implementing partnering practices- the meeting will take place at intervals, during the meeting, they will solve the problem which they have during the implementation of the project and to ensure that the previously agreed continuous improvement have been made. Over the often lengthy implementation period, the project team enable to establish the relationship improvement, teamwork and the trust during meeting.(Masterman,2006) Strategic partnering Strategic partnering involves in the long term issues of partnering by two organizations to carry out more than one construction project. The benefits for strategic partnering is they can build a long term relationship which can include their establishing common facilities and systems, and understanding or known well for the partner longer term business. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) Advantages of partnering disputes reduction time and expense in the settlement of disputes reduction cost reduction quality and safely will improved the design and construction times will improved the income will be more stable better working environment (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) Disadvantages of partnering initial costs complacency Single source employment- strategic partnering could result in both party becoming very dependent on one client and thus becoming very weak should this source of work be threatened. Lack of confidentiality of client or contractor processes and system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" disputes could occur in the event that information, which may be regarded as commercially confidential, were to be withheld from one or more of the partners. Lack of competition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the accepted route to securing a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"good valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ price is through the competitive tendering process. Absent of partnering through the chain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the benefits of partnering seem to be lacking from the contractor- subcontractor relationship. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) 6.0 Procurement Option 6.1 Traditional Procurement Traditional procurement are the most common or popular in procurement, in this approach, the Client commission an architect to take a brief, produce designs and construction information, invite tenders during the construction period and the final account. The client will need some advice to appoint the consultant such as Quantity surveying, structural engineers and building services engineers. But, Quantity surveying is normally the client first choice. When the consultant have been prepare the design, tender document, the client will appoint the contractor to construct the works of the design according to the contract documents, Normally, Most of the works are done by sub-contractor to specialist firm which given by the main- contractor. The consultants also have to advise the client on progress and stage payment which must be paid by the client. This form of procurement is the separation of separation of design and construction. The main advantages of traditional procurement is The design can be fully developed and costed in detail after the buildings have been signed. Low tender price Procurement route most likely to give a client a much modified building. Accommodates design changes and aids the cost management process. The disadvantages of traditional procurement is Problem relating to design error, the risk relating to the design lies with the client. Lack of involvement of the construction in the design process. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) 6.2 Design and build In Design and build, the client enters into the single contract with one entity who is responsible for both design and construction works of the project, which means, the client doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need to employ consultant and architect, they can directly to employ the contractor to responsibility for both design and construction. The contractor also can appoint some consultant to do the design, most of the construction work will be carry out by sub- contractor. Design and brief is also one of the most frequently used procurement routes in construction, The contractor tenders against a client brief and will follow an initial concept design prepared by consultants appointed to advise the client.Normally, the contractor will develop the design and the works have to be completed. In a fixed price. Tendering is more expensive so it carries more risk for the contractor than the traditional approach. This is because the contractor has to develop an outline design and a detailed price. In the develop and construct method, the client have to prepared the conceptual design for the tender documents and ask the contractor to submit the proposal for the development and completion of the design. Construction novation is an approach whereby the client novates the design consultant to the contractors to aid the contractor in developing and completing the design. The main advantages in this design and build is Single point responsibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the contractor is responsible for the design and the construction, so the contractor cannot blame the consultant if they have a problem in work and will be motivated toward the reduction of design problem, this is more advantages compare to the traditional procurement when the client have separated the design and construction to the consultant and contractor respectively. Price Certainty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" offer there donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any client changes, a high level of price certainty exists, under JCT WCD(JCT 1998 Edition With Contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Design), the contractor cannot claim money for loss and expense as a result of late receipt of instruction from the architect. Reduced project duration à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" design and build work on site to start earlier when the design in process when they approve by the contractor. An improved degree of buildability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the contractor has control the design and construction that means, the building is likely to be more buildable than other procurement methods. Claims- Claims are less likely to materialize when the contractor responsibility for the design and the construction(Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) The disadvantages of traditional procurement is Design quality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the design and build is not the appropriate procurement method where design quality is a high priority. Additional design fees- the client have to pay additional design fees if they wishes to take independent advice on design issues following the building contract being entered. Commitment prior to fully design à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the client bought a building which they havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t fully design. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) 6.3 Management Contracting Management contracting is to describe a method of organizing project team and the client appoints designers and a contractor separately and pays the contractor fees for managing the construction works. The contractor does not therefore participate in the profitability of the construction work itself. The management contractor will not carry out on construction work so they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t need to employ the labour or plant, except they have to involve in the setting up of the site. There is less price certainty at the outset, because the construction will have to start ahead when many of the work have yet to be tendered. Management contracting will suitable for larger or more complex project, but parallel working can enable the process of procurement to take place faster than traditional procurement. The main advantage of this management contracting is Early involvement of the management contractor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the contractor is employ on fees basis that means, the appointment can take place early during design stage. Reduced project duration à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" construction can start early when the sufficient work has been designed. Accommodates later design decisions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" some design decision relating to work which successively at the end of the construction phase may be delayed due to the letting of work in packages (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg, 2007) The disadvantage of management contracting Commitment prior to full design à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" when the design canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t complete at the time of commencement, it will affect the cost, quality and other when the client want to proceed. Increase in client risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the risks relating to additional costs arising, that means all of the works will be delays, defective work and claims. (Allan Ashworth Keith hogg,2007) 6.4 Construction management Construction management offer an alternative to management contracting in terms of the contract relation between the client and the contractor as in construction management, the client has a direct relation with the construction team unlike the management contracting. Means where the management service is provided by a fee-based consultant, a specialist construction manager or a contractor and where all construction contracts are directly agreed between the client and the trade contractors. There is no contractual relationship between the construction management and the trade contractors. Alike to the management contracting, the design and management can be overlapped, thus shortening the project time. Besides the overlapping process, the practice of having the construction management in the design stage should ensure that the design are more easily built due to the consequent avoidance of unnecessarily complicated work and reduction of overlapping between individual works contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations. Because of the direct contract is require, the additional client involvement have to be require, unfortunately, the adequate experience and the resources are not recommended. (Masterman, 2006) `The disadvantage of this system is in terms of the quality of work. But this problem could be overcome by the implementation of the correct quality control procedures during the construction stage to make sure that the performance of the contractor is strictly monitored and high-level quality can be achieved. 7.0 Procurement selection matrix 7.1 Analysis the procurement matrix According to the matrix system, the best procurement methods so far for this project are construction management. This procurement method will be based on the main factor for the selection of a procurement system which is time, quality and cost. Based on the time of completion of the project, the construction management could give the project shorter contract period compared to the traditional procurement system. (CIRIA, 2009 ) There is a slight difference in terms of the quality that the construction management based could produce. Construction manager is hired at the earliest stage of the project and it is found that the early involvement would have effect on the buildability of the building during the construction stage. Therefore with high buildability of the building with good supervision and the implementations of correct quality control procedures by the construction manager, the construction management system could achieve a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"prestigeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ level of quality. Comparing the quality of work that a management contracting can produce, construction management could produce a good quality finish compared to the management contracting as the involvement of the management contractor is in a later stage than the construction manager. the management contractor will also need some advice from the design team on all aspects of the project. Last but not least, the construction management will have to give some advice to the client as the construction manager are involved in the earliest stage even before the design and brief is discussed. This means that the construction manager has more information of the project compared to the management contractor. 8.0 Proposal of the best procurement method According to my Procurement matrix, it is shows that the most suitable procurement method for the project is the construction management. This is supported by the highest score in the matrix compared to other procurement options, which means construction management meets most of the project needs such as the time of completion and the quality of the university facility. The reason why I choose construction management compare to other procurement is the quality, quality is very important for this project because of the reputation that the university aims to be ranked amongst the very best UK university and recognized by 2017 and the client requires the building to be carbon neutral and must be constructed to the highest aesthetic and qualities standard. Secondly is the timing requirement of this project. Construction management is the best choice for the time because the time of completion could give the project shorter contract period compared to the traditional procurement system and other procurement. The reason I allocate more importance on time is because the client need to finish the project as fast as possible and the handover by this project is 1st August 2012 at the very latest is to accommodate the new academic year. Besides that, as shown in a diagram in CIRIA (2009), construction management is suitable for an experienced client which would want to be involved more directly to the client. As the client have already appointed me to advise the client, I will advise the client to keep involved with the construction management and to have a direct relations with design and construction team so it is easier for them to communicate and allow better relationship. After all the argument above and in the previous section, it has been clear that the most suitable procurement system for this project is the Construction Management. 9.0 CONCLUSION As a conclusion to this report, for this project, the most suitable procurement system that could be used to procure the project is the construction management after comparing it with traditional, design and build and the management contracting procurement system. The reason for this is that construction management procurement system satisfies most of the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs compared to the other such as the high quality standard needed for this project and the early completion of time.

How Salt Melts Ice and Snow

If you live in an area with a cold and icy winter, you have probably experienced salt on sidewalks and roads. This is because salt is used to melt the ice and snow and keep it from refreezing. Salt is also used to make homemade ice cream. In both cases, the salt works by lowering the melting or freezing point of water. The effect is termed freezing point depression. How Freezing Point Depression Works When you add salt to water, you introduce dissolved foreign particles into the water. The freezing point of water becomes lower as more particles are added until the point where the salt stops dissolving. For a solution of table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) in water, this temperature is -21 C (-6 F) under controlled lab conditions. In the real world, on a real sidewalk, sodium chloride can melt ice only down to about -9 C (15 F). Colligative Properties Freezing point depression is a colligative property of water. A colligative property is one which depends on the number of particles in a substance. All liquid solvents with dissolved particles (solutes) demonstrate colligative properties. Other colligative properties include boiling point elevation, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure. More Particles Mean More Melting Power Sodium chloride isnt the only salt used for de-icing, nor is it necessarily the best choice. Sodium chloride dissolves into two types of particles: one sodium ion and one chloride ion per sodium chloride molecule. A compound that yields more ions into a water solution would lower the freezing point of water more than salt. For example, calcium chloride (CaCl2) dissolves into three ions (one of calcium and two of chloride) and lowers the freezing point of water more than sodium chloride. Salts Used to Melt Ice Here are some common de-icing compounds, as well as their chemical formulas, temperature range, advantages, and disadvantages: Name Formula Lowest Practical Temp Pros Cons Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 -7 C(20 F) Fertilizer Damages concrete Calcium chloride CaCl2 -29 C(-20 F) Melts ice faster than sodium chloride Attracts moisture, surfaces slippery below -18Â °C (0Â °F) Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) Calcium carbonate CaCO3, magnesium carbonate MgCO3, and acetic acid CH3COOH -9 C(15 F) Safest for concrete vegetation Works better to prevent re-icing than as ice remover Magnesium chloride MgCl2 -15 C(5 F) Melts ice faster than sodium chloride Attracts moisture Potassium acetate CH3COOK -9 C(15 F) Biodegradable Corrosive Potassium chloride KCl -7 C(20 F) Fertilizer Damages concrete Sodium chloride (rock salt, halite) NaCl -9 C(15 F) Keeps sidewalks dry Corrosive, damages concrete vegetation Urea NH2CONH2 -7 C(20 F) Fertilizer Agricultural grade is corrosive Factors That Affect Which Salt to Choose While some salts are more effective at melting ice than others, that doesnt necessarily make them the best choice for a certain application. Sodium chloride is used for ice cream makers because its inexpensive, readily available, and non-toxic. Yet, sodium chloride (NaCl) is avoided for salting roads and sidewalks because the sodium can accumulate and upset the electrolyte balance in plants and wildlife, plus it can corrode automobiles. Magnesium chloride melts ice more quickly than sodium chloride, but it attracts moisture, which can lead to slick conditions. Selecting a salt to melt ice depends on its cost, availability, environmental impact, toxicity, and reactivity, in addition to its optimal temperature.

Essay about Als Outline - 1145 Words

SPC2608 Section # September 18, 2011 Title: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Topic: The unknowns of ALS Specific Purpose: To inform my audience on being aware of ALS. Thesis Statement: INTRODUCTION Attention Material: Have you ever heard of ALS, better known as Lou Gehrig’s disease? For many people, ALS is a disorder that they may not know much about. I never heard of it either until my father was diagnosed with this disease in 2006. Because there is no known cure, it is important to detect this disease early, so that proper treatments and preparation can be done before it’s too late. Thesis Statement: ALS is a disease that is terminal, non-curable and can be hereditary or not.†¦show more content†¦In some people with ALS, the parts of the brain that allow us to think, remember, and learn also are affected by the disease (Labby). C. Strictly speaking, ALS involves degeneration and death of both upper and lower motor neurons. While most patients have clear loss of both types of motor neurons, some patients have greater loss of upper motor neurons, while other patients have greater loss of lower motor. These differences do not change the diagnosis. In these circumstances, the more general term ‘motor neuron disease’ is appropriate (MDA). D. According to the MDA (Muscular Dystrophy Association), the diagnosis of ALS is a clinical diagnosis, meaning there is no specific test for it. Often, tests will be administered to rule out illnesses with similar symptoms. These may include an MRI of the brain or spinal cord, an electromyography (EMG) study of nerve and muscle function, and a variety of blood and urine tests. (Transition: â€Å"Now that we know a little about what ALS is, let’s talk a little bit about who can get ALS†.) II. Who can be affected by ALS. A. Although this disease can strike anyone, it is extremely rare in kids. 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Case Study Clinical Practice Guidelines

Question: Case study on "Clinical Practice Guidelines". Answer: Introduction Clinical Practice Guidelines is a document that guides the decisions to be taken for the carrying out diagnosis and treatment I the health care area. Stroke is a condition that affects millions of people in a year. The clinical guidelines for stroke are improved so as to provide optimum qualitative care to the patients (Gadhia et al., 2010). The clinical guidelines provide how to make emergency decisions, how to prevent re-occurrence of stroke, rehabilitation procedure, and care after the patient becomes fine. In the below paragraphs the nursing version of the clinical practice guideline for stroke management 2010 would be appraised. The nursing interventions are based on assessing patients condition, listening to the worries and discomforts, providing medications, and reporting to the health professionals in case of emergencies. In the case study, Mary is transferred to the rehabilitation unit with her baby after 12 weeks of the emergency condition. The clinical practice guidelines for rehabilitation focus on impairment, activity, and participation level (Brouwers et al., 2010). The strategy behind this is to study how much patient has recovered from the after effects of stroke basically aphasia. The guidelines says the nurse has to assess the amount of weakness or pain the patient is having, how easily is the patient doing the daily activities, how much is the patients mobility level and most importantly the nurse has to help the patient in their daily activities or fulfill their other needs. In the case study, Mary is walking still with assistance. According to the clinical guidelines Mary has to be assisted in her activities of daily living (Jauch et al., 2013). The nurse along with the team should be provided Mary the occupational therapy and physiotherapy for at least 2 to 3 hours of therapy in a week. The CPG says the nurse along with the team has to go for a constraint-induced movement therapy for the upper limbs functioning. Mary cant even eat her food that suggests she has to go for the constraint-induced movement therapy. The guidelines are to be followed effectively to help the patient achieve mobility; however intense therapies are still to be avoided for certain weeks to months. For Mary, according to the clinical guidelines a multidisciplinary team consisting of physiotherapist and dietician would surely help. It is because to help the patient attain the normal life back and also a healthy body with help of right food. The nurse along with her team should provide all the treatments that bring Mary back to her normal life. The strategy to involve multi disciplinary team as per the clinical practice guideline brings about fruitful results in patients by improving the after affects of the stroke. In some cases, the patient losses his mental ability or becomes very anxious and fear full than the clinical practice guidelines suggest to bring upon a psychiatrist to help the patient reduce his/her fears and anxieties (Yan Hui-Chan, 2009). The strategy helps to bring back the patient to the normal mental level. But in some cases, it is seen the patient and their families are reluctant to carry out any appointments with psychiatrist due to the perception that they are mentally all fine. The next nursing intervention according to clinical practice guideline is of communication. In case of Mary, the nurse should assess her speech pattern. Any kind of slurred speech or difficulty in speech has to be noted and examined to provide effective therapy (Yen et al., 2008). The CPG says because in many cases the stroke patient verbal efficiency is impaired due to loss of blood supply to the brain. The verbal impairment depends on the severity of stroke. The therapy should aim to recover the verbal impairment within the recovery phase. A speech therapist is to be appointed for the patient in such cases. In case of Mary, she does not have so much of verbal problem. It should also be checked that the patient should not find difficult to swallow or chew his/her food. Any difficulty should be assessed appropriately (Boysen, 2012). Patients of stroke face one more major difficulty that is weakness. In case of Mary, same thing can be seen her left arm and left leg were weak. Although she has gain little amount of strength but, still she is finding difficult to attain the daily activities. The clinical practice guidelines suggest strength training in such cases (Furie et al., 2011). The reason behind this is it provides effortless muscle contraction, electrical stimulation, progressive resistive exercise, muscle re-education, and mental exercise. The nurse intervention is here to motivate the patient to attain the strength training exercises. The nurse should teach her how to carry it out and what will be the benefits of it. The nurse can also initiate little amount of exercises like moving hand to make a circle, moving legs up and down (Cumming et al., 2011). These small amounts of exercises will help patient by increasing the confidence to go for other therapies and exercises. Additional nursing intervention according to the clinical practice guidelines are the assessment and assistance in physical activities. Mary needs assistance to do all the physical activities. The clinical practice guidelines for stroke suggests that physical activities like sitting, standing, and standing up, and walking needs to be assisted (Wendel-Vos et al, 2014). The nurse should help Mary to carry out all these physical activities. For example the nurse should hold her while Mary is standing up and help her to walk by holding her sideways. For Mary conventional walking should be started. Additionally cueing of cadence, mechanical assisted gait, and virtual reality training is suggested as per the clinical practice guideline should be carried out for Mary under supervision of the nurse (Pound, Gompertz, Ebrahim, 2008). The nurse should provide support and encouragement to the patient at all times when they are carrying out the physical activities. The physical activities assess ment is must to be carried out. The nurse should provide all the measures that aids in strengthening the limb activities. Mental support and satisfaction is the other most important need of the patient for recovery and rehabilitation. The clinical practice guidelines suggests that the nurse should be at all times provide support to the patient, active listener to the needs and discomforts of the patient, and should satisfy and educate her about the medical procedures. Mary is a new mother and she is young. Thus, Mary needs a lot mental support and encouragement. The nurse should encourage Mary by words like everything is fine dont worry, enjoy motherhood I am her to help you. As she is a new mother the nurse should also help her to take care of her child, explain her things which she is finding difficult (Young Forster, 2007). The nurse should also be patient and provide Mary the mental satisfaction. The mental satisfaction can be provided to her by explaining her whole medical procedure. This will not only motivate her but, will also help to carry out the therapies and medical treatment effectively. Mary practice Maori heritage so there are some social and culture beliefs regarding the health care services. In Maori heritage, it is seen people visit the general practitioners are far less as compared to others. In their heritage the children and adult go for medical health services but the adult visit to GPs is far less. To access services, people must first be aware that the services are available and that they are needed. Evidence suggests that many Pacific peoples are often unaware of the government services available to them. This demonstrates ineffective communication by health information services and providers. The nurse that is taking care of Mary should educate her about all the services that are available for the stroke patients, the new mothers and the new born babies. The CPG guidelines suggest the recovery and rehabilitation knowledge should be given to all the stroke patients (Barnett, Smith, Cumming, 2009). The strategy is to make aware the patient of recovery pro cess and improve their health in a short time to lead a normal life again. The nurse should teach Mary and make her equipped with all the facilities available for her who are generally not known by the people of the Maori heritage due to health literacy or any other factors. Another major drawback of Maori heritage relating to the health services is not going for preventive services especially in adults. Lack of cultural competence is the causes (Price et al., 2009). The Maori people dont opt for preventive measures like vaccinations, preventive medicines. This may be due to health illiteracy or financial problems but, is seen in many people of this heritage. Mary is also from the same heritage so she should be made aware of all the preventive services like immunization for herself and for her baby too (Starfield, 2011). The nurse should make her aware about the screening programs and preventive measures that may associate to the diet to reduce the risk of re-occurrence of stroke. The clinical practice guidelines for stroke management suggest effective preventive measures are to be taken by the health staff and the patient and their family are to be made aware of all the preventive and health management measures related to health. This decision would sur ely improve health and reduce the re-occurrence of stroke. Conclusion Health is strongly influenced by a broad range of cultural, social, economic, and environmental factors. In general, people with fewer socio-economic resources tend to have poorer health outcomes due to a combination of reduced material resources, greater exposure to health risks and behaviors, greater psychosocial stress, and reduced access to health services. Mary is from a Maori heritage that is not so inclined towards healthy well-being. The clinical practice guidelines suggest preventive, educational, as well as medical care for Mary and her baby. The CPG guidelines are very effective for stroke management. They should be carried out in rehabilitation and recovery of the patient to bring optimum health benefit. The nurse should make the decisions and carry out the medical care as per the guidelines. The nurse can improve Marys quality of life if she follows the proper recovery and rehabilitation procedure. At the end, it can be seen the clinical practice guideline are apt to bri ng about the improvement in patients health and bringing about a healthy well-being. References Barnett, P., Smith, J., Cumming, J. (2009). The Roles and Functions of Primary Health Organisations., Wellington: Health Services Research Centre Boysen, G. (2012). Stroke scores and scales. Cerebrovasc Dis 2012;2:239-47. Brouwers, M. C., Kho, M. E., Browman, G. P., Burgers, J. S., Cluzeau, F., Feder, G., Zitzelsberger, L. (2010). AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne, 182(18). Cumming, T.B., Thrift, A.G., Collier, J.M., et al. (2011). Very early mobilization after stroke fast-tracks return to walking: further results from the phase II AVERT randomized controlled trial. Stroke;42:153-58. Furie, K.L., Kasner, S.E., Adams, R.J., et al. (2011). Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/ American stroke association. Stroke;42:227-76 Gadhia, J., Starkman, S., Ovbiagele, B, et al. (2010). Assessment and improvement of figures to visually convey benefit and risk of stroke thrombolysis. Stroke;41:300-06. Jauch, E.C., Saver, J.L., Adams, H.P. et al. (2013). Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. Starfield B. (2011). The hidden inequity in health care. International Journal for Equity in Health, 10: 15-10.1186/1475-9276-10-15 Pound, P., Gompertz, P., Ebrahim, S. (2008). A patient-centred study of the consequences of stroke. Clin Rehabil, 12(4), 338347. Price, C.J., Blacker, D.J., Grimley, R.S., et al. (2009b). National survey of management of transient ischaemic attack in Australia: Take Immediate Action. Med J Aust, 191(1), 1720. Wendel-Vos, G.C.W., Schuit, A.J., Feskens, E.J.M., et al. (2014). Physical activity and stroke. A meta-analysis of observational data. Int J Epidemiol, 33(4), 787798 Yan, T., Hui-Chan, C.W. (2009). Transcutaneous electrical stimulation on acupuncture points improves muscle function in subjects after acute stroke: A randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med, 41(5), 312316. Yen, C.L., Wang, R.Y., Liao, K.K., et al. (2008). Gait training induced change in corticomotor excitability in patients with chronic stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 22(1), 2230 .Young, J. Forster, A. (2007). Review of stroke rehabilit.

Should Freedom of Speech be absolute or limited Essays - Censorship

Should Freedom of Speech be absolute or limited? I have chosen to research "Freedom of Speech" rights in Australia and around the globe. The reason I have chosen to research this issue is that it has been a topic of debate for decades. The limitations of Freedom of Speech vary within different nations. In America, there is a "First Amendment". This amendment allows freedom of religion, speech, the press, assembly and petition. In Australia, there is no "First Amendment" equivalent, there is an implied Freedom of Speech. However, this law only protects freedom of political speech. It acts as a shield against governmental prosecution, not private prosecution. The reason I have chosen to research this topic is that I want to see whether Freedom of Speech is contingent on other factors in a society (governmental and cultural values). Article 19 of the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" states that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. Freedom House is a reliable Non-Governmental Organisation that conducts research on democracy, political freedom and human rights. This organisation annually assesses every country on these liberties. Freedom House will be one of my sources for this research project. Freedom House also rates these countries out of 100 as an aggregate score of freedoms. I will be using it to assess the Freedom of Speech and expression within Australia. Australia's aggregate score is 98/100. 0 is "not free at all" and 100 is "very free". Australia, has prosecuted many people against their Freedom of Speech rights. Since Australia doesn't have an explicit clause on the Freedom of Speech, people are much more vulnerable to governmental suits. In 2006, an author delivered a public address about current social issues without a permit. The police officers present, didn't arrest him at the time but videotaped him. The author was arrested for delivering a public speech without a permit. Only 13% of the world's population enjoys free press. Australia's Freedom of Press score was 22/100, 0 being the "most free" and 100 being "not free at all". Overall, Australia has a very dependable score, however, in the recent years there has been a constant threat to the press on what they can report. During March 2015, the Parliament created a new law that required all the internet and mobile phone providers to track and save all buyers' metadata. Many journalists argued that this prevents the full freedom of the media, as they cannot securely interact with their sources due to the excessive surveillance. In 2015, the Government also restricted any media access to immigration detention centres. In terms of Internet Freedom, Australia scores 21/100. 0 being the "most free" and 100 being "not free at all". There have been many breaches of the Freedom of the Net. The government can access anyone's metadata without a warrant, causing concern to many private citizens. 84% of Australians have access to the net. According to Amnesty International, three-quarters of governments in the world are restricted from freedom of expression. One-third of governments lock up prisoners of conscience. 58% of countries conduct unfair trials, due to corruption. My overall conclusion is that Freedom of Speech is a very complex issue. It is very difficult to remain impartial when deciding whether a past case was infringing on Freedom of Speech rights or just plainly offensive. My own reflection on this issue is that the government can't keep deciding what is free speech and what isn't. The current laws regarding Freedom of Speech in Australia act more like "smokescreens". These "smokescreens" tell the citizens that they cannot be prosecuted by the Government for anything they say, yet they can be prosecuted as demonstrated in multiple federal cases. I personally believe that this issue is controversial because of the use and abuse of it. Different people value different things, some people value honesty and some people value peace. Therefore, I believe it's very hard to decide "should Freedom of Speech be absolute or limited?" I believe that Freedom of Speech should have some restrictions. In many cases, such as child pornography, it isn't a Freedom of Speech right, it's an abuse on another person's right and health. Freedom of Speech also shouldn't be absolute